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. 2021 Sep 29;14(10):1001. doi: 10.3390/ph14101001

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Glutamate-induced HT-22 hippocampal cell toxicity results. (a) Treatment of glutamate at various concentrations on HT-22 cells for 24 h. (b) Treatment of glutamate (5mM) on HT-22 cells for 6 and 12 h. (c) The effects of AP crude extracts: APH, APE, and APW on glutamate-induced HT-22 cells for 12 h. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 0.5 mM) was used as the positive control. DMSO (0.1%, v/v) and PBS (0.1%, v/v) were used as the vehicle control. All data are shown as the mean ± SEM of triplicate values. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Dunnett test. * p < 0.05 versus the cell control. # p < 0.05 versus the glutamate (Glu.) control. (d) Morphological changes of glutamate-induced HT-22 hippocampal cells after co-treatment with NAC (0.5 mM), APH (40 µg/mL), APE (40 µg/mL), or APW (40 µg/mL) for 12 h. The cells were observed under differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope at 5× magnification. The scale bar indicates 100 µm.