Figure 4.

Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory effect of AP extracts co-treatment with 5 mM glutamate on HT-22 cells for 12 h. (a) The relative intracellular ROS of treatments compared to the cell control. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 0.5 mM) was used as the positive control. DMSO (0.1%, v/v) and PBS (0.1%, v/v) were used as the vehicle control. All data are shown as the mean ± SEM of triplicate values. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Dunnett test. # p < 0.05 versus the glutamate (Glu.) control. (b) Qualitative analysis of intracellular ROS in glutamate-induced HT-22 cells observed under fluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopes at 10× magnification. The scale bar indicates 10 µm.