Table 1.
JBI Bias Assessment.
| Questionnaires | Were the Two Groups Similar and Recruited from the Same Population? | Were the Exposures Measured Similarly to Assign People to Both Exposed and Unexposed Groups? | Was the Exposure Measured in a Valid and Reliable Way? | Were Confounding Factors Identified? | Were Strategies to Deal with Confounding Factors Stated? | Were the Groups/Participants Free of the Outcome at the Start of the Study (or at the Moment of Exposure)? | Were the Outcomes Measured in a Valid and Reliable Way? | Was the Follow Up Time Reported and Sufficient to Be Long Enough for Outcomes to Occur? | Was Follow Up Complete, and If Not, Were the Reasons to Loss to Follow Up Described and Explored? | Were Strategies to Address Incomplete Follow Up Utilized? | Was Appropriate Statistical Analysis Used? | Overall Appraisal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahn et al., 2019 [19] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Bedreag et al., 2015 [20] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | NA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Chang et al., 2020 [21] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Coloretti et al., 2020 [22] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Dingchao et al., 1994 [23] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | NA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Giladi et al., 2011 [24] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Kahn et al., 2011 [25] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Kim et al., 2018 [26] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Lin et al., 2017 [27] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Litwak et al., 2019 [28] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Long et al., 2020 [29] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Marik et al., 2017 [5] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | NA | Yes | Include |
| Masood et al., 2019 [30] | NA | NA | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Matsuoka et al., 2020 [31] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Mitchell et al., 2020 [32] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Nagel et al., 2020 [33] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Nakajima et al., 2019 [7] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Park et al., 2020 [34] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Sadaka et al., 2020 [35] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Sandesc et al., 2018 [36] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Shin et al., 2019 [37] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Vail et al., 2020 [38] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |
| Yoo et al., 2020 [39] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | Include |