Table 3.
Nutrient intakes of the study subjects during the 12-week intervention period.
| GE Low (1 g) Group (n = 28) |
GE High (3 g) Group (n = 30) |
Placebo Group (n = 27) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 Week | 12 Week | Diff | p-Value 1 | 0 Week | 12 Week | Diff | p-Value 1 | 0 Week | 12 Week | Diff | p-Value 1 | p-Value 2 | |
| Calorie (kcal) | 1681.30 ± 434.63 | 1609.45 ± 464.11 | −71.85 ± 508.34 | 0.461 | 1522.94 ± 495.53 | 1557.56 ± 354.22 | 34.62 ± 502.06 | 0.708 | 1584.74 ± 426.59 | 1478.53 ± 409.78 | −106.21 ± 416.01 | 0.196 | 0.510 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 267.60 ± 78.58 | 267.70 ± 78.98 | 0.10 ± 90.58 | 0.995 | 244.00 ± 73.47 | 250.91 ± 62.14 | 6.90 ± 80.63 | 0.643 | 257.09 ± 64.63 | 246.56 ± 57.16 | −10.54 ± 66.31 | 0.417 | 0.712 |
| Lipid (g) | 40.34 ± 20.35 | 34.78 ± 16.60 | −5.56 ± 18.90 | 0.131 | 36.26 ± 20.88 | 38.64 ± 20.24 | 2.38 ± 28.35 | 0.649 | 39.90 ± 23.55 | 33.58 ± 18.65 | −6.31 ± 25.34 | 0.207 | 0.333 |
| Protein (g) | 67.21 ± 21.18 | 63.08 ± 23.21 | −4.13 ± 26.26 | 0.412 | 61.62 ± 27.87 | 60.28 ± 21.67 | −1.34 ± 25.26 | 0.774 | 54.70 ± 20.10 | 55.33 ± 20.06 | 0.63 ± 22.62 | 0.886 | 0.774 |
| Fiber (g) | 23.13 ± 7.98 | 24.94 ± 8.54 | 1.81 ± 11.71 | 0.421 | 22.26 ± 11.93 | 23.14 ± 9.14 | 0.89 ± 10.08 | 0.634 | 21.89 ± 7.00 | 21.17 ± 5.86 | −0.72 ± 7.40 | 0.616 | 0.635 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 5.39 ± 8.21 | 4.90 ± 6.41 | −0.49 ± 9.41 | 0.779 | 5.84 ± 6.82 | 4.61 ± 5.15 | −1.23 ± 8.24 | 0.419 | 3.82 ± 6.84 | 3.02 ± 4.80 | −0.80 ± 8.57 | 0.630 | 0.948 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 115.22 ± 65.40 | 135.33 ± 68.58 | 20.11 ± 89.52 | 0.236 | 109.74 ± 87.04 | 102.07 ± 68.86 | −6.68 ± 72.24 | 0.930 | 91.67 ± 51.49 | 118.41 ± 51.16 | 26.73 ± 58.88 | 0.026 | 0.635 |
| Calcium (mg) | 512.22 ± 147.42 | 499.36 ± 221.46 | −12.85 ± 237.3 | 0.773 | 587.51 ± 346.72 | 522.00 ± 250.61 | −65.51 ± 318.93 | 0.270 | 490.13 ± 247.10 | 547.06 ± 267.21 | 56.94 ± 316.30 | 0.358 | 0.635 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1072.28 ± 236.41 | 1006.02 ± 341.98 | −66.26 ± 389.43 | 0.367 | 1009.47 ± 463.45 | 971.41 ± 336.96 | −38.05 ± 378.95 | 0.587 | 869.79 ± 321.65 | 876.61. ± 320.15 | 6.86 ± 332.16- | 0.915 | 0.635 |
| MET (min/week) | 2490.00 ± 2122.15 | 3002.14 ± 3423.55 | 512.14 ± 3697.90 | 0.470 | 3002.67 ± 3203.45 | 4350.00 ± 4649.10 | 1347.33 ± 4114.29 | 0.083 | 1822.67 ± 1418.57 | 4309.63 ± 5266.72 | 2486.96 ± 5241.23 | 0.021 * | 0.251 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD. 1 Analyzed by paired t-test, 2 Analyzed by linear mixed model, * p < 0.05. Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent.