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The illustration of potential mechanisms of MSC-derived EVs actions in AD. The therapeutic benefits of MSC-derived EVs are attributed to (1) the ability to degrade Aβs by membrane-bound Aβ-degrading enzymes, such as NEP and IDE; (2) the capability to regulate various cells in the brain including immunomodulation or neuroregeneration; (3) the reprogramming of the molecular machinery in recipient cells via proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs transferred by EVs.
