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. 2021 Sep 23;19(10):534. doi: 10.3390/md19100534

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic of proposed mechanism of antioxidant protection of astaxanthin for inflammatory control in LPS-induced DCs. The HO-1/Nrf2 axis was activated by astaxanthin, which inhibited the oxidative stress of LPS-induced DCs, including NO production, ROS production, the lipid peroxidation activities, the GSH level, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and antioxidant enzyme (GPx, CAT, and SOD) activities. These antioxidant properties are conducive to inflammatory controls in DCs, including decreases in levels of activation marker (CD69), the release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10), phenotypic markers (MHCII, CD40, CD80, and CD86), and a migration marker (CCR7) by astaxanthin.