Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the surviving and non-surviving patients with COVID-19 infection. NS: not significant (p value < 0.05).
| Variable | Survivors | Non-Survivors | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | N = 318 | N = 74 | |
| Age | 58 ± 18 | 78 ± 12 | 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 47% | 60% | 600 |
| BMI | 29 ± 6 | 32 ± 11 | 0.008 |
| Comorbidities % | |||
| Diabetes (%) | 30 | 57 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 48 | 84 | 0.001 |
| Lung disease (%) | 9 | 18 | 0.03 |
| Hemodialysis (%) | 5 | 15 | 0.003 |
| Aspirin use (%) | 30 | 61 | 0.001 |
| Symptom’s duration before admission to hospitals (days) | 6 ± 5 | 9 ± 12 | 0.19 |
|
Symptoms before admission
(% of total) |
|||
| Fever % | 57 | 56 | 0.77 |
| Diarrhea % | 6 | 2 | 0.26 |
| Dyspnea % | 59 | 59 | 0.74 |
| Clinical severity on admission % | 30 | 54 | 0.001 |
| Lab Findings upon admission | |||
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 1.2 | 0.06 |
| Absolute neutrophil count (×103/µL) | 13 ± 9 | 13 ± 6 | 0.9 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (×103/µL) | 2.06 ± 11 | 1.4 ± 4 | 0.001 |
| Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | 7.01 ± 3 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 0.001 |
| Platelet (×103/µL) | 220 ± 86 | 220 ± 90 | 0.79 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 19 ± 14 | 40 ± 27 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2 ± 8 | 2.2 ± 2 | 0.7 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 145 ± 148 | 157 ± 48 | 0.08 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 33 ± 12 | 30 ± 13 | 0.09 |
| Insulin Resistance (TG/HDL) | 5.4 ± 5.8 | 6.1 ± 5.0 | 0.02 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/dL) | 68 ± 78 | 109 ± 97 | 0.001 |
| Ferritin | 632 ± 987 | 1041 ± 3594 | 0.57 |
| D-dimer | 1664 ± 3513 | 2539 ± 3374 | 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen | 641 ± 183 | 660 ± 180 | 0.33 |
| IL-6 | 34 ± 52 | 264 ± 111 | 0.001 |
| ALT | 23 ± 21 | 37 ± 51 | 0.001 |
| Cytokine storm (% of total) | 25 | 51 | 0.001 |
| 4-C score | 8 ± 20 | 12 ± 3 | 0.001 |
| SOFA score | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 0.001 |
| O2 supplement on admission % | 55 | 100 | 0.001 |
| High flow use (% of total) | 14 | 82 | 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (% of total) | 2 | 46 | 0.001 |
| ARDS (% of total) | 17 | 34 | 0.006 |
| O2 supply at day 7 (% of total) | 18 | 99 | 0.001 |
| Hospitalization length | 9.5 ± 10 | 17.2 ± 13 | 0.001 |
| Time to negative PCR | 17 ± 8 | 20 ± 8 | 0.16 |
| Treatment in hospitalization | |||
|
Steroid therapy (% of total) Methylprednisolone Dexamethasone |
93 86 14 |
97 90 10 |
0.26 0.75 0.75 |
| LMWH (% of total) | 96 | 99 | 0.34 |
| Remdesivir (% of total) | 12 | 19 | 0.21 |
| Vitamin D (% of total) | 97 | 97 | 0.9 |