Table 2.
Health Effects of Anthocyanins.
| Scheme | Dose and Duration of the Intervention |
Participants | Study Design | Health Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wild Norwegian bilberries and blackcurrant | Two capsules twice a day 4 weeks |
35 male and female subjects (MetS + healthy) age = 25–75 | Randomized, control design Intervention group (n = 20)-two capsule twice a day Control group (n = 15)-two capsule twice a day |
Lowering inflammation and improving glucose and lipid metabolism | [42] |
| Fruit juice (Apples, strawberries, blueberries, grapes) | 750 mL fruit juice taken in three equal portions 55 days |
62 healthy male volunteers age = 20–50 | Randomized, control design Intervention group (n = 30)-750 mL fruit juice is taken in three equal portions Control group (n = 27)–750 mL placebo is taken in three equal portions |
Improve DNA integrity and might influence lipid metabolism in humans | [46] |
| Blueberries | 150 g or 75 g fresh blueberries per day 21 days |
115 male and female subjects (MetS) age = 50–75 | A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study | Improved endothelial Function, Improving metabolic syndrome | [47] |
| Tart cherry juice | 240 mL of tart cherry juice twice a day 2 weeks |
11 healthy male or female subjects with chronic insomnia age ≥ 50 | A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial | improving insomnia | [48] |
| Fresh ripe berries of cornelian cherry | total anthocyanin 320 mg/d 12 weeks |
80 patients with NAFLD age = 25–65 | A double-blind randomized clinical trial | Improving NAFLD | [49] |
| Blood orange juice | 50 mg anthocyanins/d and 500 mL blonde orange juice 4 weeks |
41 participants (aged 25–84) with a waist circumference > 94 cm (men) and > 80 cm (women) | A randomized controlled trial | Lowering cholesterol | [50] |
| Black currant | Black currant anthocyanins 50 mg/d 2 years |
38 patients with OAG | A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial | Increase eye blood flow and improve glaucoma | [51] |
| Black currant | Black currant capsules 300 mg | 11 male patients with Parkinson’s disease | Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were collected from 11 male patients before and after 28 day supplementation of black currant capsules. | Treat neurological conditions with IGF-1 deficiency. | [52] |
| Bilberry and black currant | Purified anthocyanin 320 mg/d 12 weeks |
21 patients with NAFLD | A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial | Improving NAFLD | [53] |
| Black soybeans | anthocyanin-rich black soybean testa extracts 2.5 g/d 8 weeks |
63 participants defined as overweight or obese by their body mass index (BMI > 23) or waist circumference (WC > 90 cm for males, >85 cm for females) | A randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial | Improve blood lipid status, Prevention of abdominal obesity caused by high fiber and low cholesterol diet | [54] |