Skip to main content
. 2021 Oct 14;22(20):11076. doi: 10.3390/ijms222011076

Table 3.

The Mechanisms of Action of Anthocyanins.

Source of Anthocyanins Major Anthocyanins and
Dose
Model Biological Effects References
Strawberry Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside
Dose: 100–400 mg/kg
Mouse model of pleurisy Decreased: ADA and MPO
Inhibited: IkB-α, JNKMAPK
[57]
Sour cherry cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucosyl-rutinoside
Dose: 50 μg/mL
HUVECs were treated with 100 ng/mL LPS Decreased: ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, tPA, PGI2, COX-2 [95]
Mahaleb Cherry Cyanidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)glucoside), Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)-2-(xylosyl)glucoside), Cyanidin 3-(2-(xylosyl)glucoside)
Dose: 60 µg/mL, 50 μg/mL
TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 [17]
Black currant Delphinidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)glucoside), Cyanidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)glucoside)
Dose: 60 µg/mL, 50 μg/mL
TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
Black Carrot Cyanidin 3-(6-(6-(feruloyl)glucosyl)-2-(xylosyl)galactoside), Cyanidin 3-(6-(6-(sinapoyl)glucosyl)-2-(xylosyl)galactoside) TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
“Sun Black” T omato Petunidin 3-(6-(4-(E-p-coumaroyl)rhamnosyl)glucoside)-5-glucoside (petanin), Malvidin 3-(6-(4-(E-p-coumaroyl)rhamnosyl)glucoside)-5-glucoside
Dose: 60 µg/mL, 50 μg/mL
TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
Blueberries malvidin, malvidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside
Dose: 10 μg/mL
HRCECs Decreased: ROS, VEGF, ICAM-1
Inhibited: Akt, NF-κB
Increased: CAT, SOD
[80]
Portuguese blueberries malvidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-arabinoside
Dose: 100 mg/kg
TNBS induced colitis in rats Decreased: iNOS, COX2, MPO, GPX [96]
Black currant delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside
Dose: 50 μg/mL
RAW 264.7 macrophages and human THP-1 monocytes Decreased: IL-1β, iNOS, CXCL9, TNFα
Increased: ARG1, CHIL3
[97]
Raspberries Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucosylrutinoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside
Dose: 125 μg/mL
HL-60-Human Caucasian promyelocytic leukemia, J45.01-Human acute T cell leukemia Decreased: LOX, COX-2 [98]
Black rice cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside
Dose: 25 μg/mL
Rat primary dermal fibroblasts Decreased: NF-κB p50 and p65 mRNA
Increased: Induce Collagen, Type I Alpha 2 mRNA
[84]
Purple rice Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside
Dose: 50 μg/mL
Porcine cartilage explant Decreased: s-GAG, HA, MMP-1, 3 and 13,
Inhibited: NF-κB, ERK
[73]
Purple maize Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside RAW264.7 macrophages, 3T3-L1 adipocytes Decreased: PGE2, NO, MCP, iNOS, COX-2, ROS
Inhibited: PPARγ, DPP-IV
[99]