Table 3.

The Mechanisms of Action of Anthocyanins.

Source of Anthocyanins	Major Anthocyanins and Dose	Model	Biological Effects	References
Strawberry	Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside Dose: 100–400 mg/kg	Mouse model of pleurisy	Decreased: ADA and MPO Inhibited: IkB-α, JNKMAPK	[57]
Sour cherry	cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucosyl-rutinoside Dose: 50 μg/mL	HUVECs were treated with 100 ng/mL LPS	Decreased: ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, tPA, PGI2, COX-2	[95]
Mahaleb Cherry	Cyanidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)glucoside), Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)-2-(xylosyl)glucoside), Cyanidin 3-(2-(xylosyl)glucoside) Dose: 60 µg/mL, 50 μg/mL	TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation	Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1	[17]
Black currant	Delphinidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)glucoside), Cyanidin 3-(6-(rhamnosyl)glucoside) Dose: 60 µg/mL, 50 μg/mL	TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation	Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
Black Carrot	Cyanidin 3-(6-(6-(feruloyl)glucosyl)-2-(xylosyl)galactoside), Cyanidin 3-(6-(6-(sinapoyl)glucosyl)-2-(xylosyl)galactoside)	TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation	Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
“Sun Black” T omato	Petunidin 3-(6-(4-(E-p-coumaroyl)rhamnosyl)glucoside)-5-glucoside (petanin), Malvidin 3-(6-(4-(E-p-coumaroyl)rhamnosyl)glucoside)-5-glucoside Dose: 60 µg/mL, 50 μg/mL	TEAC, ORAC and model of vascular inflammation	Decreased: ROS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
Blueberries	malvidin, malvidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside Dose: 10 μg/mL	HRCECs	Decreased: ROS, VEGF, ICAM-1 Inhibited: Akt, NF-κB Increased: CAT, SOD	[80]
Portuguese blueberries	malvidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-arabinoside Dose: 100 mg/kg	TNBS induced colitis in rats	Decreased: iNOS, COX2, MPO, GPX	[96]
Black currant	delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside Dose: 50 μg/mL	RAW 264.7 macrophages and human THP-1 monocytes	Decreased: IL-1β, iNOS, CXCL9, TNFα Increased: ARG1, CHIL3	[97]
Raspberries	Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucosylrutinoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside Dose: 125 μg/mL	HL-60-Human Caucasian promyelocytic leukemia, J45.01-Human acute T cell leukemia	Decreased: LOX, COX-2	[98]
Black rice	cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside Dose: 25 μg/mL	Rat primary dermal fibroblasts	Decreased: NF-κB p50 and p65 mRNA Increased: Induce Collagen, Type I Alpha 2 mRNA	[84]
Purple rice	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside Dose: 50 μg/mL	Porcine cartilage explant	Decreased: s-GAG, HA, MMP-1, 3 and 13, Inhibited: NF-κB, ERK	[73]
Purple maize	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside	RAW264.7 macrophages, 3T3-L1 adipocytes	Decreased: PGE2, NO, MCP, iNOS, COX-2, ROS Inhibited: PPARγ, DPP-IV	[99]