Table 1.
Mendelian randomization studies on the risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
| Type 2 Diabetes | Cardiovascular Disease | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Genetic Instrument | Cases/Controls | Causal Effect Size or (95% CI) | Reference | Cases/Controls | Causal Effect Size or (95% CI) | Reference |
| Birth weight | PRS | 3627/12,974 | 2.94 (1.70–5.16) | [68] | 5542 /237,631 | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | [69] |
| BMI | PRS | 12,171/56,862 | 1.26 (1.17–1.34) | [70] | 60,801/123,504 | 1.49 (1.39–1.60) | [71] |
| Waist:hip ratio | PRS | 34,840/149,821 | 1.82 (1.38–2.42) | [72] | 60,801/123,504 | 1.54 (1.38–1.71) | [71] |
| Blood pressure | PRS | 37,293/125,686 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | [73] | 255,714/10 mmHg increase | 1.49 (1.38–1.63) | [74] |
| Smoking | PRS | 74,124/824,006 | 1.28 (1.20–1.37) | [75] | 60,801/123,504 | 1.48 (1.25–1.75) | [76] |
| LDLC | PRS | 33,323/418,610 | 0.82 (0.63–1.00) | [77] | 9647/451,933 | 1.44 (1.42–1.47) | [77] |
| Total TG | PRS | 33,323/418,610 | 1.35 (1.19–1.51) | [77] | 9647/451,933 | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) | [77] |
| ALT | PRS | 33,323/418,610 | 1.73 (1.52–1.94) | [77] | 9647/451,933 | 1.45 (1.10–1.92) | [77] |
| CRP | PRS | 33,323/418,610 | 0.92 (0.76–1.09) | [77] | 9647/451,933 | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | [77] |
| IL-6 | PRS | Not available | − | − | 9417/15982 | 1.60 (1.60–1.72) | [78] |
| Apo-B | PRS | Not available | − | − | 60,801/123,504 | 1.73 (1.56–1.91) | [79] |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APO-B, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDLC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.