Table 2.

Recent examples of essential oils or vegetal oils incorporated by electrospinning (espin)/electrospraying (espray) into polymeric materials for food packaging.

System	Procedure/Form of Material/Size	Food/Food Simulant	Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Evaluations; Particularities	Ref.
Loading into matrix
CaCl2 crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan film by espray from ethanol 50%, then loaded with carvacrol nano-emulsion in H2O + surfactants	-espray: 24G, 0.1 mL/min, 25 kV, 10 cm, 25 °C -9–30 µm, films	-bread	DPPH -S. aureus -E. coli	[144]
PLA espin fibers from dichloromethane/ethanol, then loaded with thyme EO in ethanol 50%, then coated with PVA/PEG in water	-espin: 2 mL/h, 20, 50, 80 RH -200–450 nm, fibers	-strawberries	- E. coli - S. aureus	[137]
Direct addition
chitosan 1% in formic/acetic acid 1/1 + PCL 6% in formic/acetic acid 1/1 + oregano EO (1, 3, 5%)	-espin: 0.1 mL/h, 18 kV, 23G, 15 cm -110–470 nm, fibers		- S. aureus - L. monocytogene - Salmonella enteritidis - E. coli -H bonds between EO and CO groups in PCL	[145]
poly(hydroxy valerate-co-hydroxy butyrate) (PHVB) 10% in chloroform/butanol 75/25 + 1% oregano EO, rosemary extract or green tea extract; annealing of fibers	-espin: rol-to-rol, 18G, 24 emitters, 4 mL/h/emitter, 38 kV dual polarization, 25 °C, 40 RH, 20 cm vertical -annealing: 125 °C, 15 s -60–80 µm, films		-DPPH - S. aureus - E. coli	[146]
PHVB 10% in chloroform/butanol 75/25+ oregano EO + ZnO nanoparticles	-espin: rol-to-rol, 18G, 24 emitters, 6 mL/h/emitter, 17 kV, 20 cm vertical -annealing: 125 °C, 15 s -80–130 µm, films	-ethanol 10% -acetic acid 3%	- S. aureus - E. coli	[147]
PHA + PHBV 8% in chloroform/butanol 75/25 + 2.5% oregano EO + 2.25% ZnO NP, espun onto YPACK210 film (50% PHA) coated or not with cellulose nanocrystals	-espin: rol-to-rol, 18G, 24 emitters, 6 mL/h/emitter, 18.5 kV, 25 cm vertical -130–150 µm, multilayer films	-ethanol 10% -acetic acid 3% -olive oil	-DPPH - S. aureus - E. coli -no citotoxicity for Caco-2 cells	[148]
zein 22% in ethanol 80% + κ-carrageenan 1% in water + ZnO NP + rosemary EO	-espin: 1 mL/h, 21G, 15 kV, 10 cm, 25 °C, 30 RH -670 ± 240 nm, fibers		-DPPH - S. aureus - E. coli -H bonds (amino in zein, OH in κ-carrageenan)	[149]
gelatin 12% in acetic acid 88% + angelica EO, 3, 6, 9%	-espin: 23G, 0.3 mL/h, 15 kV, 20 cm -150–550 nm, fibers		-DPPH - S. aureus - E. coli -biocompatible for NIH-3T3 cells	[150]
zein 20% in ethanol 70% + 1% cinnamaldehyde + surfactant (T80, SDS, CTAB, lecithin; 2, 4, 6%)	-espin: 18G, 0.3 mL/h, 13–15 kV, 12 cm, 30 °C, 50 RH -135–300 nm, fibers	-mushrooms -migration in ethanol 10%	-surfactants changes conductivity and fiber shape -release retarded by CTAB, enhanced by T80, SDS, lecithin	[140]
kafirin 0.3–0.4 g/mL in glacial acetic acid or acetic acid/butanol 75/25 + thymol or carvacrol 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 g/mL	-espin: 20G, 15–20 kV, 15 cm -180–400 nm, fibers		-thymol/carvacrol increases/decreases the hydrophilicity -H bonds converts β-turn structures into β-sheets	[151]
guar gum 0.5% in water + PLA 15% in ethanol/acetic acid 1/1 + thyme EO 10, 30%	-espin: 21G, 1 mL/h, 14–16 kV, 25 °C, 30 RH -414 ± 169 nm, fibers		-DPPH - S. areus - E. coli	[152]
zein + ethyl cellulose 20% in ethanol 80% +T80 + 1% CiEO	-espin: 18G, 0,005 mL/min, 13 cm, 10–13 kV, 30 °C, 50 RH -190–430 nm, fibers	-mushrooms		[153]
silk fibroin + poly(ethylene oxide) in water + thyme EO; N2 cold plasma treatment of espun fibers	-espin: 22G, 1.0 mL/h, 18 kV, 15 cm, 25–35 RH -150–300 nm, fibers	-poultry meat (chicken, duck)	- S. Typhimurium -high release and antibacterial activity (stable for 7 days)	[154]
chitosan 1.5% in acetic acid 1% + 1.5% poly(ethylene oxide) + chrysanthemum EO	-espin: 21G, 0.2 mL/h, 25 kV, 15 cm, -50–250 nm, fibers	-beef -ethanol	- L.monocytogenes -inhibition rate > 99% at 4–25 °C after 7 days	[155]
chitosan + flaxseed mucilage in ethanol/acetic acid/water 50/45/5 + Ziziphora clinopodioides EO + sesame VO	-espin: 23G, 2 mL/h, 15 kV, 25 cm, 25 °C, 30–40 RH -135–285 nm, fibers	-phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4	-DPPH - S. aureus - L. monocytogenes - S. typhimurium - E. coli	[156]
denaturated soy protein 11% in water + PVA 11% in water + Triton™ x-100 surfactant + β-carotene in soybean oil, espun onto poly(hydroy butyrate) PHB/PHBV film; annealing to promote PLA crystallization	-espin: 0.15 mL/h, 18 kV, 20 cm onto PHB/PHBV film -annealing: hot press <200 °C, 1 min	-soybean oil	-annealing provides better adhesion of espun fibers onto base film and slower the release of active principle	[157]
poly(ε-caprolactone) 20% in 1,2-dichloroethane + α-tocopherol	-espin: 20G, 0.18 mL/min, 15 kV, 15 cm -1–10 µm, fibers	-curd cheese -ethanol 95%	-DPPH/ABTS	[158]
Addition through carrier
electrosprayed NP of maize zein 10% in ethanol 80% + clove EO 1%, added to potato starch 5g/80 mL in water + glycerol for solvent casting	-espray: 18G, 1 mL/h, 25 kV, 15 cm, 25 °C, 25 RH	-water -ethanol 10, 50%	edible coating	[131]
NP of chitosan 0.5% in acetic acid 1% + T80 +cinnamon EO 2% in ethanol + sodium tripolyphosphate, added to PLA 25% in trichloroacetic acid/dichloromethane 8/2	-espin: 19G, 1 mL/h, 20 kV, 15 cm, 40–50 RH		- E. coli - S. aureus	[159]
NP of chitosan 0.75% in acetic acid 0.75% + PVA 0.75% in water + SDS + cabreuva EO + sodium citrate, added to PVA in water	-espin: 0.4 mL/h, 24 kV, 27 cm, -275–363 nm, fibers	-ethanol, water	- Candida albicans - E. coli - S. aureus - Staphylococcus epidermidis	[160]
nanophytosome of lecithin + cinnamon EO in ethanol absolute, dried, added to PVA in water + glycerol + boric acid	-espin: 18G, 1.5 mL/h, 17–19 kV, 18 cm vertical, 20 °C, 20 RH -conditioning at 25 °C, 55 RH, 48 h -31–70 µm, film	-shrimp	- S. aureus - E. coli - P. aeruginosa no cytotoxicity for HT-29 cells	[161]
PVA 8% in water + β-cyclodextrin + cinnamon EO; fumigation with glutaraldehyde	-espin: 18G, 0.6–0.9 mL/h, 12–15 kV, 15 cm, rotating drum 100–150 rpm, 27 °C, 44 RH	-mushrooms	- S. aureus - E. coli -simultaneous chemical crosslinking and physical welding by fumigation	[162]
PVA 6–10% in water + β-cyclodextrin + cinnamon EO	-espin: 20G, 0.2–0.6 mL/h, 13–17 kV, 12–16 cm, 26 °C, 56 RH -240 ± 40 nm	-strawberry	- S. aureus - E. coli	[23]
IC of β- cyclodextrin in water + thyme EO in ethanol, converted to NP with sodium tripolyphosphate and ε-poly(lysine), added to gelatin 25% in acetic acid 20%	-espin: 21G, 0,4 mL/min, 20 kV, 15 cm, 25 °C, 35 RH -150–230 nm, fibers	-chicken (immersed in Campylobacter jejuni suspension)	- Campylobacter jejuni	[163]
IC of β-cyclodextrin in ethanol 33% + cinnamon EO in ethanol, added to PLA in dichloromethane/N,N-dimethylformamide	-espin: 20G, 2.0–2.4 mL/h, 12–16 kV, 20 °C, 33 RH -350–1490 nm, fibers	-pork	- E. coli - S. aureus -higher EO encapsulation by espinning than by solvent casting	[164]
IC of α or γ-cyclodextrin + oregano EO by kneading or freeze drying, added to PHBV 10% in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol	-kneading/freeze dry -espin: 18G, 24 emitters, 0.6 mL/h/emitter, 18 kV, 20 cm vertical -0.6–1.35 µm, fibers -annealing: 160 °C, 10 s -60–86 µm, film		-DPPH - S. aureus - E. coli	[26]
IC of β-cyclodextrin + Litsea cubeba EO, added to dandelion polysaccharide/PEO 2/33% water	-espin: 0.5 mL/h, 17 kV -241 nm, fibers	-ethanol	- S. aureus	[165]
IC of β-cyclodextrin + eucalyptus EO, added to corn zein 30% in ethanol 70%	-espin: 18+ /3-kV dual polarization, 15 cm, 23 °C, 45 RH -330–390 nm, fibers		- L. monocytogenes - S. aureus - B. cereus - E. coli - S. Typhimurium - P. aeruginosa - Shigella dysenteriae	[166]
IC of β-cyclodextrin + gangal root oil, added to swim bladder gelatin 25% in acetic acid 30%	-espin: 0.4 mL/h, 23 kV, 15 cm, -65–245 nm, fibers	-beef (soaked in E. coli suspension)	-E. coli (EHEC O157)	[167]

NP: nanoparticles, IC: inclusion complex.