| Apaf-1 | apoptosis protease activating factor-1 |
| CCl4 | carbon tetrachloride |
| •CCl3 | trichloromethyl radical |
| CCl3OO• | trichloromethylperoxy radicals |
| CS | chitosan |
| CSNPs | chitosan nanoparticles |
| DBT | titanium (IV)-thiophenolate complex |
| DBT–CSNPS | titanium (IV)–dithiophenolate -Chitosan nanocomposite |
| DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
| DTP | dithiophenolato ligand |
| GPx | total glutathione peroxidase |
| GR | glutathione reductase |
| GSH | reduced glutathione |
| GST | glutathione-S-transferase |
| GSSG | oxidized glutathione |
| HepG2 | human liver cancer |
| MDA | malondialdehyde |
| RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
| ROS | reactive oxygen speci |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| THLE2 | normal liver cell |
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