Table 1.
Protective immune responses generated by experimental vaccines against Candida antigens.
| S.N | Candida Antigen | Experimental Vaccine | Implicated Humoral Mechanisms of Protection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Mannan | liposome-encapsulated mannan | agglutination of Candida cells, in vitro neutrophil candidacidal activity, complement aided protection | [100,113,138] |
| mannan extracts | anti-adhesion or anti-germ tube formation effects | [110] | ||
| mannan–BSA conjugate | antibody isotype switching | [117,138] | ||
| mannan-HSA conjugate | inhibition of C. albicans growth, B-cell immune-enhancement and antifungal activity | [123,130,131,141] | ||
| mannan oligosaccharide conjugates | complement fixation and complement mediated clearance of C. albicans, enhanced candidacidal activity, enhanced phagocytic activity, induction of respiratory burst of granulocytes, Immunomodulation and antibody isotype switching | [121,128,129,134,135,136,137,139,142] | ||
| 2. | β-glucan | β-glucan-conjugate vaccine | opsonization by enhanced phagocyte mediated extracellular hyphal killing, in vitro growth-inhibition of C. albicans, inhibition of hyphal growth, invasion and adherence. |
[146,148,151,152,175] |
| β-glucan oligosaccharides plus keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) |
antibody class switching | [167,168] | ||
| linear β-(1→3)-nonaglucoside plus BSA (G9 |
immunomodulation, candidacidal activity, inhibition of fungal growth adherence and dissemination, enhanced conidial phagocytosis. | [169,170] | ||
| OVA plus Curdlan | B-cell activation and enhancement of antibody response. | [172] | ||
| β-glucan | Induction of fungicidal activity of hemocytes. | [163,164] | ||
| 3. | Laminarin | Laminarin-CRM197 conjugate | enhanced opsonisation and phagocyte mediated hyphal killing, in vitro growth-inhibition of C. albicans, inhibition of hyphal growth, fungal invasion and adherence, biofilm inhibition, direct antifungal properties. | [146,148,152,154,175] |
| Laminarin conjugated with recombinant calreticulin fragment (LAM-CRT conjugate) | Inhibition of C. albicans growth in vitro. |
[177] | ||
| β-mannan trisaccharide-(tetanus toxoid)-Laminarin tricomponent conjugate | immunomodulation of the immune response, isotype switching of IgG subclasses. | [165] | ||
| 4. | Hsp90 | recombinant Hsp90 protein | antibody mediated neutralization | [180,187,190,193,194] |
| Hybrid-phage displaying Hsp90 epitope | neutralization |
[188,189] | ||
| proteoliposomal formulation of Hsp90 | immunomodulation and neutralization |
[191,192] | ||
| Hsp90 expressing DNA vaccine | neutralization | [187] | ||
| 5. | Als3 | Recombinant Als3 protein | enhanced phagocyte recruitment and inflammatory cytokine production | [40,204,205,206,207,208,209] |
| Als3 with alum formulation (NDV-3A) |
recruitment of phagocytes, enhanced neutrophil-mediated killing of C. albicans, enhanced opsonophagocytic killing by macrophages, interference with fungal adherence and invasion, inhibition of biofilm formation, reduction in hyphal elongation, inhibition of yeast dispersal from hyphal layers of biofilms. | [28,212,213,214,215,216,217] | ||
| 6. | Sap2 | recombinant Sap2 protein | Sap2-specific antibodies induced enzyme neutralization, inhibited inflammatory response, exhibited increased Candida biofilm inhibition ability in vitro, and enhanced neutrophil-mediated fungal killing | [29,111,230,231,232,233,235,238,239,240,241] |
| virosomal formulation of Sap2 (PEV-7) | Sap2 neutralization, inhibition of fungal adherence. | [236,237] | ||
| hybrid phage displaying Sap2 epitope SLAQVKYTSASSI | Induction of Sap2 specific antibody production, immunomodulation | [238] | ||
| epitope peptide of Sap2 displayed on virus nanofibers | Sap2 antibodies prevented fungal adhesion and colonization of C. albicans in the host. | [241] | ||
| 7. | Hyr1 | recombinant Hyr1 protein | opsonophagocytosis, enhanced neutrophil-mediated killing activity, inhibition of biofilm formation. | [90,149,244,245,246] |
| 8. | Hwp1 | Hwp1 glycopeptide conjugate | inhibition of biofilm formation, antibody-mediated growth inhibition of C. albicans | [103,132] |
| 9. | Enolase | recombinant enolase protein | enolase-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies enhanced neutrophil-mediated killing of C. albicans, opsonophagocytosis and Induced complement activation. | [257,258,259,262] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells displaying enolase 1 | not determined |
[262] | ||
| β-(Mannan trisaccharide)-Eno1 peptide conjugate vaccine | not determined |
[103,132] | ||
| 10. | Fba1 | recombinant Fba1 protein | not determined | [273,274] |
| Fba peptide conjugated with β-1,2-mannotriose | complement activation and interference with Candida hyphal growth | [103,132,133] | ||
| Fba peptide pulsed DC formulation | not determined | [272] | ||
| Phage displaying Fba epitope | not determined | [273] | ||
| Fba peptide and mimotope conjugate | not determined | [275] | ||
| Fba-methionine synthase peptide construct (MP12) | phagocytosis, antibody-dependent complement activation | [276] | ||
| 11. | Pk | recombinant Pk protein | not determined | [274] |
| 12. | Mdh1 | recombinant Mdh1p protein | not determined | [288] |