Table 3.
Studies associating Malassezia with allergic diseases.
| Patients and/or Controls | Samples | Methods | Malassezia | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 CRS vs. 11 controls |
Sinonasal swabs | 18S pyrosequencing | 100% of all sinus samples Relative abundance of 50.09% in CRS patients vs. 57.5% in 11 controls |
[27] |
| 21 CRS vs. seven controls |
Sinus brushings | qPCR | 68% of all samples with no prevalence variation among the groups (p > 0.99) M. restricta (46%) than M. globosa (14%, p = 0.029) |
[28] |
| 106 CRS vs. 38 controls |
Mucosal swabs | ITS2 metabarcoding | 100% of subjects with an abundance of 86% of the sequences | [12] |
| 56 AD vs. 32 controls | lesional and non-lesional skin | qPCR | High Malassezia colonization in patients with severe AD, ≈ two- to fivefold that in mild and moderate AD patients and healthy subjects (p < 0.05) |
[37] |
| 106 head and neck AD (HNAD) vs. 61 controls |
Blood | Anti-Malassezia IgE assays (Pharmacia CAP System) |
Significant correlation between M. furfur IgE levels and severity in HNAD patients (p < 0.0001) |
[42] |
| 63 AD vs. 23 controls | Blood | Anti-M. globosa IgE by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | High significantly IgE and correlated with severity in AD patients compared to normal controls (p < 0.001) | [43] |
| 53 severe AD and 126 AD moderate vs. 140 controls | Blood | Anti-M. sympodialis IgE (ImmunoCAP™) |
62% of severe AD compared to 39% of moderate AD (p < 0.01), No positive controls |
[44] |
| 74 HNAD vs. 99 Non-HNAD |
Blood | Anti-Malassezia IgE (ImmunoCAP™) |
Significantly higher levels of IgE in HNAD patients than non-HAND (p < 0.001) | [45] |
| 73 AD, 156 asthmatic and 212 control patients | Blood | Anti-M. furfur IgE Fluoroimmuno assay (CAP system) |
AD (53%), asthmatic (1%) and non-asthmatic control subjects (0.5%) | [41] |
| 30 asthma patients vs. 13 controls | Sputum | 18S pyrosequencing | Only in asthma patients with a percentage of reads from 0.012% to 21.651% | [54] |
| 21 asthma patients vs. 19 controls | Sputum | ITS2 metabarcoding | Mean abundance of 67.69%, 27.04%, 2.02% and 2.94% in pediatric asthma, adult asthma, healthy adult, and healthy pediatric participants, respectively. Significant abundance of Malassezia in the airways of asthmatic patients receiving steroid therapy combined with leukotriene receptor antagonists. |
[55] |