Table 3.

Selected outcomes of natural or experimental infection with BVDV in camelids.

Species	Strain	Cause of Infection	Outcome	Reference
Alpaca	BVDV	Natural infection	Antibodies to BVDV detected	[35]
	BVDV-1b	Natural infection	Anorexia and lethargy in acutely infected animals, abortion, birth of PI cria	[83]
	BVDV-1	Natural infection	Persistent infection of cria	[84]
	BVDV-1	Natural infection	Antibodies to BVDV detected, stillbirths, congenital disease and stunted growth of cria	[92]
	BVDV	Natural infection	Antibodies to BVDV detected	[80]
	BVDV-1b	Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI alpaca	Antibodies to BVDV detected, mild clinical signs including nasal discharge and elevated body temp	[93]
	BVDV-1c	Natural infection via experimental exposure to PI heifer	Antibodies to BVDV and viral antigen detected, no clinical signs	[79]
Llama	BVDV-1	Experimental infection	Antibodies to BVDV detected, no signs of disease, abortion	[82]
Camel	BVDV	Natural infection	58.7% of camels tested in Turkey (n = 92) were positive for BVDV antibodies	[87]
	BVDV	Natural infection	Twenty seven of the 137 camels (19.7%) in Iran positive for BVDV antibodies	[89]
	BVDV	Natural infection	Abortions and uterine infection, conception failure, repeat breeding	[90]