Table 1.
Chemical compositions, pharmacological actions, bioactive compounds, and mechanisms of action of representative antisepsis Chinese herbal medicines.
| Prescription | Component Herbs | Chemical Composition | Pharmacological Actions | Bioactive and Bioavailable Compounds | Potential Target Pathway | Potential DDI Target | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XueBiJing injection | Carthamus tinctorius flower (Honghua in Chinese), Paeonia lactiflora root (Chishao), Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong), Angelica sinensis root (Danggui), and Salvia miltiorrhiza root (Danshen) | Flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides, catechols, phthalides, organic acids, etc. | Exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, endothelium-protective, immunoregulatory, antioxidant, and organ-protective activities; inhibit ox-LDL-induced apoptosis; improve microcirculation and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | Hydroxysafflor yellow A | TLR4/NF-κB; NLRP3; Rac1/Akt; NF-κB/ICAM-1 | — | [59,61,62,76] |
| Paeoniflorin Oxypaeoniflorin Albiflorin |
SIRT1; IRAK1-NF-κB; IκB; PI3K/Akt; TLR2; Sirt1/Foxo1 | — | [33,57,60,77,78,79] | ||||
| Senkyunolide I | p-Erk1/2; Nrf2/HO-1; Caspase 3; MAPK; TLRs | As victim: UGT2B15 |
[29,33,64,80] | ||||
| Tanshinol | cAMP-PKA | As victim: OAT1/2 |
[29,58] | ||||
| ShenFu injection | Panax ginseng steamed root (Hongshen) and processed Aconitum carmichaelii root (Fuzi) | Ginsenosides, aconitum alkaloids, organic acids, etc. | Regulate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, inhibit HMGB1-mediated severe inflammatory response, restore endothelial integrity, attenuate the proinflammatory response, enhance innate immunity, preserve adaptive immunity, alleviate neuropathic pain | Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rf, Rd, Rg1, etc. | TLR4; PXR/NF-κB; TLRs/IRAK-1; TBK-1/IκB kinase ε/IRF-3; p38/ATF-2 | As substrate: OATP1B3 (for Ginsenosides Rg1, Rf) As perpetrator: OATP1B1/1B3 (for Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd) |
[81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] |
| Benzoylmesaconine Fuziline Mesaconine Neoline Songorine |
TLR4/NF-κB; Nrf2 | As victim: P-gp (for benzoylmesaconine) |
[94,95,96,97] | ||||
| ShengMai formula | Panax ginseng root (Renshen), Ophiopogon japonicus root (Maidong), and Schisandra chinensis fruit (Wuweizi) | Ginsenosides, lignans, steroidal saponins, and homoisoflavanones | Exhibit anti-inflammatory or antioxidant, hepatoprotective activities | Ginsenosides Rb₁, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rh1, Compound K, Rf, and Rg2 | TLR4; PXR/NF-κB; TLRs/IRAK-1; TBK-1/IκB kinase ε/IRF-3; p38/ATF-2 | As substrate: OATP1B1/1B3 (for Ginsenoside Rg2) OATP1B3 (for Ginsenosides Rg1, Rf, Re) As perpetrator: OATP1B1/1B3 (for Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd) NTCP (for Rg1) CYP3A (for Rd) |
[81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,98,99,100,101] |
| Ophiopogonin D Ophiopogonin D’ Ruscogenin |
PPARα; NF-κB/IκBα; SIRT1; TLR4; TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 | As perpetrator: CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 (for Ophiopogonin D) UGT1A6/1A8 (for Ophiopogonin D) UGT1A6/1A10 (for Ophiopogonin D’) NTCP (for Ophiopogonin D’) CYP3A (for Ophiopogonin D) As victim: OATP1B1/1B3 (for Ophiopogonin D) |
[92,101,102,103,104,105,106] | ||||
| Schisandrol A Schisandrol B Schizandrin A Schizandrin B Deoxyschisandrin |
iNOS; COX-2; PGE2; MAPK; TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 | As perpetrator: NTCP (for Schizandrin A) | [100,107,108,109,110] | ||||
| Qingwen Baidu decoction |
Rehmannia glutinosa root (Dihuang), Rhinoceros unicornis horn (Xijiao), Coptidis chinensis rhizome (Huanglian), Gardenia jasminoides fruit (Zhizi), Platycodon grandiflorum root (Jiegeng), Scutellaria baicalensis root (Huangqin), Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizome (Zhimu), Paeonia lactiflora root (Chishao), Scrophularia ningpoensis root (Xuanshen), Forsythia suspense fruit (Lianqiao), Lophatherum gracile stem and leaf(Danzhuye), Glycyrrhiza uralensis root and rhizome (Gancao), Paeonia suffruticosa root cortex (Danpi), and Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao) | Alkaloids, iridoids, flavonoids, etc. | Reduce LPS-induced intestinal damage; treat inflammation; alleviate LPS-induced acute kidney injury; alleviate liver injury in sepsis; exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects | Berberine | TLRs; NF-κB; STAT3; Wnt/β-catenin; PI3K/Akt; MAPK/JNK/p38/ERK | As perpetrator: CYP3A4, CYP2D6 As victim: P-gp |
[111,112,113,114,115,116,117] |
| Geniposide Genipin |
NF-κB; MAPK; PPARγ; AMPK; NLRP3; AKT-mTOR | — | [118,119,120,121,122,123] | ||||
| Baicalin | iNOS; COX-2; NF-κB; HMGB1 | As perpetrator: CYP1A2/3A/2E1, OATP1B1, P-gp | [124,125,126,127,128] | ||||
| Wogonoside Wogonin |
TLR4; NF-κB; Nrf2; NLRP3 | As perpetrator: CYP1A2 (for Wogonin) | [129,130,131,132,133] | ||||
| Oroxylin A | JAK/STAT; IRF2BP2-NFAT1; NF-κB | As perpetrator: CYP1A2, OATP1B1, OAT1/3 and BCRP | [133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140] | ||||
| Verbascoside | iNOS | — | [141,142,143] | ||||
| XuanBai Chengqi decoction |
Rheum palmatum rhizome and root (Dahuang), Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao), Prunus armeniaca seed (Kuxingren), and Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit (Gualou) | Anthraquinones, etc. | Attenuate LPS-induced microcirculatory disturbance | Emodin | TLR4/NF-κB/ICAM-1; JAK1/STAT3; MAPK; cAMP-PKA; NLRP3; PPARγ | As victim: CYP1A2, UGT1A8/1A10/12B7 | [144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151] |