6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
ABCA1	ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
ABCG1	ATP-binding cassette transporter G1
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ADP	Adenosine diphosphate
AIF	Apoptosis-inducing factor
Akt	Protein kinase B
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ARE	Antioxidant responsive element
AS	Atherosclerosis
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
ATF-4	Activating transcription factor 4
Atg	Autophagy-related gene
Aβ	Beta-amyloid protein
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BID	BH3-interacting-domain
CAT	Catalase
CCl4	Carbon tetrachloride
CDC25A	Cell division cycle protein 25A
CDK	Cyclin-dependent kinases
Chk2	Checkpoint kinase 2
CHOP	C/EBP-homologous protein
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
Cry	Crytochrome
CTL	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
DFF45	DNA degradation factor 45 KD
DRP-1	Dynamin-related protein 1
E2F1	E2F transcription factor 1
ECs	Endothelial cells
ER	Endoplasm reticulum
ERCC6L	Excision repair cross-complementation group 6 like
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ERα	Estrogen receptor alpha
FAK	Focal adhesion kinase
FLIP	FLICE inhibitory protein
FOXO1	Forkhead Box O1
GADD153	Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 153
GluT4	Glucose transporter 4
GluT9	Glucose transporter 9
GP	Gynostemma pentaphyllum
GPE	Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract
GPP	Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides
GPS	Gypenosides
GRP78	Glucose regulated protein 78 KD
GSH-Px	Glutathione peroxidase
GTP	Guanosine triphosphate
H5N1	Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HGO	Hepatic glucose output
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
HO-1	Heme oxygenase 1
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
I/R	Ischemia–reperfusion
ICAM-1	Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1
IFN	Interferon
IL	Interleukin
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IP3R	Inositol triphosphate receptor
IκBα	Inhibitor of NF-κB α
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LC3	Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDLR	Low-density lipoprotein receptor
L-DOPA	L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
LXR	Liver X receptor
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCP-1	Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MDCK	Madin-Darby canine kidney
MFC	Mouse forestomach carcinoma
Mfn2	Mitofusin 2
MMP-2	Matrix metalloproteinase-2
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9
MPP+	1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion
MPTP	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
MyD88	Myeloid differentiation factor 88
NAFLD	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NFAT	Nuclear factor of activated T cells
NF-kB	Nuclear factor-kappa B
NK	Natural killer
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NO	Nitric oxide
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
NOX4	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase 4
Nrf2	Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2
OAT1	Organic anion transporter 1
OGD/R	Oxygen-glucose deprivation–reoxygenation
OPA1	Optic atrophy protein 1
Oria1	Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1
Ox-LDL	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein
PARP	Poly ADP-ribose polymerase
PCNA	Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
PCREB	Phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein
PCSK9	Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinases
PPAR	Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
PRRSV	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
PTP1B	Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
RANKL	Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Ligand
RCC	Renal cell carcinoma
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SERCA	Sarco/endoplasmic-reticulum-Ca2+-ATPase
SIRT1	Silent information regulator 1
SOC	Store-operated Ca2+ channel
SOCS1	Suppressors of cytokine signaling 1
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SOS	Sevenless homolog
SRB1	Scavenger receptor class B type I
STAI	State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
STIM1	Stromal interacting molecule 1
T-AOC	Total antioxidant capacity
TC	Total cholesterol
TCM	Traditional Chinese medicine
TG	Triglycerides
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-β
TH	Tyrosine hydrolase
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor
TRAIL	TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
T-STAI,	Trait Anxiety Scale of the STAI
ULK1	Unc-51-like kinase 1
uPA	Urokinase-type plasminogen activator
URAT1	Urate transporter 1
VD	Vascular dementia
XIAP	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
γH2AX	Phosphorylation of histone H2AX