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. 2021 Oct 9;9(10):141. doi: 10.3390/sports9100141

Table 3.

Cross-sectional studies investigating within-participant between-limb differences in sprinting biomechanics in people with a history of unilateral HSI.

References Study Population Injury Occurrence Period Methods Tasks Variables Results
(IL vs. NIL)
Lee et al. [42] 12 males from various running-based sports Hx 1–36 months Laboratory based. Over-ground running. Data measured using 3D MOCAP combined with a force plate. 6 x submaximal running trials at 80 % of maximum speed (mean = 7.7 ± 0.1 m/s).
  • -

    Sagittal plane hip and knee joint θ, ω, M and P for 3 stride cycles (both legs)
  • -

    Lower peak hip flexion θ (−1.9°) for IL during swing phase (p = 0.02–Cohen’s d = −0.4)
Silder et al. [43] 15 participants (males and females) from various running-based sports Hx 5–13 months Laboratory based. Motorised treadmill. Data measured using 3D MOCAP, sEMG system (BF, RF, VL and MH) and musculoskeletal modelling. Running trials at 60, 80, 90 and 100% of maximal sprinting (Mean = 7.6 ±1 m/s)
  • -

    Peak BFLH MTU stretch

  • -

    sEMG onset and offset of RF, VL, LH and MH
  • -

    No difference in MTU stretch was found

  • -

    No difference in sEMG onset and offset across running speeds
Brughelli et al. [44] 11 male semi-professional AFL players Hx 1–24 months Laboratory based. Non-motorized treadmill. Horizontal force: measured with a nonelastic tether attached to the participant with a harness and connected to a horizontal load cell. Vertical force: measured by 4 load cells mounted under the running surface. 8 s of steady-state running at 80% of maximum speed.
  • -

    Vertical and horizontal GRF

  • -

    Vertical stiffness

  • -

    Leg stiffness

  • -

    Centre of mass displacement

  • -

    Contact time

  • -

    Impulse

  • -

    Positive work
  • -

    Horizontal GRF was significantly less (45.9% difference) for IL (p < 0.01)
Barreira et al. [46] 6 males professional soccer players Hx 1–24 months Laboratory based. Non-motorized curved treadmill equipped with force transducers located on the frame supporting the belt. 10 s of maximal sprinting (acceleration and steady-state period included).
  • -

    Vertical and horizontal GRF
  • -

    No significant between-limb difference in vertical and horizontal GRF
Higashihara et al. [49] 10 male college sprinters Hx 2–61 months Laboratory based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 3D MOCAP, sEMG system (LH and GM) and musculoskeletal modelling. Maximal sprinting on 100 m track (average speed: 9.39±0.17 m/s).
  • -

    Pelvic anterior tilt, hip and knee joint θ and M

  • -

    MTU length of the BFLH

  • -

    Normalised sEMG BF and GM
  • -

    IL displayed a lower anterior pelvic tilt θ (late stance, p = 0.039), a lower hip flexion θ (mid swing, p = 0.02), a greater hip flexion θ (late swing, p = 0.049), a greater knee flexion angle (mid swing, p = 0.02)

  • -

    Shorter BFLH length (late swing, p= 0.039) for IL

  • -

    Reduced sEMG activity of BF (late swing) for IL

CS: cross-sectional, Hx: with a history of HSI, IL: injured limb, NIL: uninjured limb, MOCAP: motion capture, θ: angle, ω: angular velocity, M: moment, P: power, VL: Vastus Lateralis, RF: Rectus Femoris, LH: lateral hamstring, MH: medial hamstring and GM: Gluteus Maximus.