Table 4.

Cross-sectional studies investigating between-group differences in sprinting biomechanics in people with and without a history of HSI.

References	Study Population	Injury Occurrence Period	Methods	Tasks	Variables	Results (Hx vs. H0)
Iboshi et al. [41]	5 male sprinters Hx vs. 7 male sprinters H0	Not provided	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 2D MOCAP + planar link segment modelling.	100 m sprint (only 5th step post start was analysed)	-Location CG in relation to FC -Thigh and leg segment θ -Hip, knee and ankle joint M	Hx group displayed: -Greater horizontal distance from CG to toe at FC. -Smaller stride length -Larger hip extension M during early stance (p < 0.05)
Brughelli et al. [44]	Semi-professional Australian Football players: 11 males Hx vs. 11 males H0	1–24 months	Non-motorized treadmill with a nonelastic tether attached to the participant with a harness and connected to a horizontal load cell to measure horizontal force	8 s steady- state running at 80% of maximum speed	-Vertical and horizontal GRF -Vertical stiffness -Leg stiffness -Centre of mass displacement -Contact time -Impulse -Positive work	-Horizontal force significantly greater in non-injured limb of Hx group in comparison to the right (19.2%) and left (20.5 %) leg of the H0 group -Horizontal force significantly reduced in the injured limb of the Hx group in comparison to the right (31.5 %) and left (32.7%) leg of the H0 group
Barreira et al. [46]	Professional soccer players: 6 males Hx vs. 11 males H0	1–24 months	Non-motorized curved treadmill equipped with force transducers located on the frame supporting the belt.	10 seconds of maximal sprinting (acceleration and steady-state period).	-Vertical and horizontal GRF	-No significant between-group differences were found
Daly et al. [45]	Elite hurlers: 9 males Hx vs. 8 males H0	1–24 months	Laboratory based. Motorised treadmill. Data measured using 3D MOCAP, sEMG system (GM, RF, EO, ES and BF).	10 seconds steady-state running at 20 km/h.	-3D joint θ of the hip, knee and ankle joints -sEMG activity from previously injured BF and from bilateral GM, RF, EO and ES	During the late swing phase, Hx displayed: -Greater between-limb asymmetry in APT θ (p = 0.02), hip flexion θ (p = 0.01) and medial knee rotation θ (p = 0.03) for Hx -Reduction in sEMG ratio of BF/GM (p = 0.03), BF/ES (p = 0.01), BF/EO (p = 0.01) on the ipsilateral side and a reduction in the sEMG ratio of BF/RF (p = 0.02) on the contralateral side
Schuermans et al. [47]	Amateur soccer players: 30 males Hx vs. 30 males H0	1–24 months	Laboratory based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 3D MOCAP (camera between 15–25 m).	12 × maximal sprints over 30 m	-3D joint θ for hip, knee and ankle; 3D segment θ of the pelvis and thorax	-No significant differences were found
Crow et al. [50]	Professional Australian Football players: 7 males Hx vs. 8 males H0	Not provided	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using sEMG system (GM, LH and MH).	Graded running protocol over 100 m: acceleration (40 m), steady-state phase (20 m) and deceleration phase (40 m)	-sEMG onset and offset of GM, LH, and MH during the 20m steady-state phase.	-No significant difference in sEMG temporal behaviour for any muscle
Haugen et al. [48]	7 male sprinters Hx vs. 14 male sprinters H0 (10.8 ± 0.22 m/s)	0–12 months	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 3D MOCAP.	3 × 20-m flying sprints preceded by 30–50 m to build up speed.	-Step velocity -Step length -Step rate -Contact time -Aerial time -Touchdown (TD) θ -Interthigh θ -Liftoff (LO) θ -Thigh and knee θ at LO -Maximal thigh flexion -Range of thigh motion -Knee flexion at maximal -Thigh extension -Horizontal ankle velocity	-No significant difference between groups for any of the sprint asymmetry variables
Mendiguchia et al. [39]	Professional soccer players:14 males Hx vs. 14 males H0	Not provided	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using radar gun + biomechanical model to estimate mechanical variables	2 × 50-m maximum velocity sprints	-Velocity -Horizontal force -Maximal power	Cohen’s d effect size (90% confidence limit): -Velocity: 0.63 (−0.05;1.30) moderate -Horizontal force: −0.21 (0.90;0.0.48) small -Maximal power: 0.03 (−0.66;0.72) trivial
Lord et al. [38]	Semi-professional Australian Football players: 20 males Hx vs. 20 males H0	1–24 months	Laboratory based. Non-motorized curved treadmill equipped with 4 load cells on the treadmill belt.	10 × 6 s maximum velocity sprints	-Vertical GRF -Horizontal GRF -Contact time -Flight time	-Reduction in horizontal GRF across repeat sprints (−13%) was significantly greater for group Hx
Ishøi et al. [40]	Sub-elite soccer players: 11 males Hx vs. 33 males H0	0–12 months	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using a high speed phone camera + phone application specifically designed to estimate sprint mechanical variables.	6 × 30 m sprints	-Maximal horizontal force -Maximal theoretical sprinting velocity -Maximal horizontal power output -Mechanical effectiveness	-No significant difference in horizontal force production (d = 0.51) and maximal power output (d = 0.06) -Significant difference in maximal theoretical sprinting velocity (H0:7.83 ± 0.44 m/s vs. Hx: 8.28 ± 0.90 m/s) and mechanical effectiveness (lower rate of decline in ratio of forces for Hx)
Edouard et al. [51]	224 youth elite, amateur and professional soccer players.	Entire soccer season	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using radar gun/laser distance measurement system + biomechanical model to estimate sprint mechanical variables.	2 × 30 m sprints	-Maximal theoretical sprinting velocity -Horizontal force -Maximal power	-Significant difference for maximal theoretical sprinting velocity. H0 (9.0 ± 0.5 m/s) vs. Hx (9.1 ± 0.5 m/s) -No significant difference in net horizontal force production and maximal power

CS: cross-sectional, Hx: with a history of HSI, H0: with no history of HSI, MOCAP: motion capture, θ: angle, ω: angular velocity, M: moment, P: power, APT: anterior pelvic tilt, BF: biceps femoris, ES: erector spinae, EO: external obliques and GM: Gluteus Maximus.