Table 5.

Prospective studies investigating the association between sprinting biomechanics and HSI risk.

References	Study Population	Follow Up Period	Methods	Tasks	Variables	Number of Hx	Results
Schuermans et al. [52]	51 ♂ amateur soccer players	18 months	Laboratory based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using sEMG system.	12 × maximal sprints over 40 m	sEMG of trunk cluster (external and internal obliques, erector spinae), GM, MH and LH.	15 Hx	H0 displayed: →Significantly higher sEMG of the trunk cluster during early swing (p = 0.027). →Significantly higher sEMG of the GM during the late swing phase (p = 0.042).
Schuermans et al. [47]	29 ♂️ amateur soccer players	18 months	Laboratory based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 3D MOCAP.	12 × maximal sprints over 40 m	3D joint θ of the hip, knee and ankle joints; 3D segment θ of the pelvis and thorax.	4 Hx	Hx displayed: →Significantly greater APT angle during early swing phase. →Significantly greater thoracic lateral flexion during late swing phase.
Haugen et al. [48]	21 ♂️ sprinters	12 months	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 3D MOCAP.	3 × 20 m flying sprints preceded by 30–50 m to build up speed.	Step velocity, step length, step rate, contact time, aerial time, touchdown (TD) θ, interthigh θ, liftoff (LO) θ, thigh and knee θ at LO, maximal thigh flexion, range of thigh motion, knee flexion at maximal thigh extension and horizontal ankle velocity.	12 Hx	No significant difference reported.
Kenneally-Dabrowski [53]	10 ♂ elite rugby players	Super Rugby season	Laboratory based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using 3D MOCAP and Force plates.	3 × maximal sprints over 50 m.	3D joint θ of the hip and knee; 3D segment θ of the pelvis and thorax; 3D hip and knee joint M and P, during the late swing phase.	3 Hx	Hx displayed: →Significantly greater thoracic lateral flexion. →Significantly greater hip joint extension moment. →Significantly greater knee joint power absorption.
Edouard et al. [51]	284 ♂️ youth elite, amateur and professional soccer players.	Entire soccer season	Field based. Over-ground sprinting. Data measured using radar gun/laser distance measurement system+biomechanical model to estimate sprints mechanical variables.	2 × 30 m sprints	-Velocity -Horizontal force -Maximal power	47 injuries in 38 Hx	→No significant association between Hx and kinetics data when only considering baseline data. →Significant association between Hx and lower net horizontal force production when considering value at each measurement session.

♂: male, Hx: participants suffering HSI, H0: participants who did not suffer HSI, MOCAP: motion capture, θ: angle, ω: Angular velocity, M: moment, P: power, LH: lateral hamstring, MH: medial hamstring and GM: Gluteus Maximus