Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients treated with mechanical ventilation.
| Variables | All Patients (n = 70) |
Early Failure (n = 50) |
Late Failure (n = 20) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75 (64–80) | 71 (63–79) | 77 (69–81) | 0.176 |
| Male (%) | 41 (58.6) | 30 (60.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0.701 |
| Smoking (%) | 12 (17.1) | 8 (16.0) | 4 (20.0) | 0.732 |
| Symptoms at admission (%) | 69 (98.6) | 50 (72.5) | 19 (27.5) | 0.286 |
| Time from symptom to admission (days) | 4 (2–7) | 5.5 (2–7) | 4 (2–6) | 0.350 |
| Time from HFNC initiation to intubation (hours) | 11.3 (2.0–46.7) | 4.1 (1.1–13.5) | 70.9 (54.4–145.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (21.8–27.8) | 25.5 (22.4–28.0) | 24.4 (21.7–27.7) | 0.447 |
| Scoring systems | ||||
| CURB-65 | 2 (1–2) | 1.5 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.731 |
| SOFA score | 4 (2–7) | 5 (2–9) | 3 (1–4) | 0.035 |
| APACHE II score | 11 (8–13) | 11 (8–14) | 11 (8–13) | 0.575 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 4 (2–4) | 4 (2–4) | 4 (3–5) | 0.181 |
| Comorbidity (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 47 (67.1) | 34 (68.0) | 13 (65.0) | 0.809 |
| Diabetes | 24 (34.3) | 17 (34.0) | 7 (35.0) | 0.937 |
| Chronic lung disease | 6 (8.6) | 3 (6.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0.343 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (4.3) | 2 (4.0) | 1 (5.0) | 1.000 |
| Chronic liver disease | 3 (4.3) | 3 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.552 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5 (7.1) | 2 (4.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0.137 |
| Neurologic disease | 2 (2.9) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (5.0) | 0.493 |
| Malignancy | 6 (8.6) | 6 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.173 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 (123–151) | 133 (124–155) | 136 (118–149) | 0.640 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 (67–90) | 78.5 (68–90) | 75 (64–84) | 0.451 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 88.5 (75–98.5) | 88 (74–101) | 89.5 (77.5–98) | 0.891 |
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 20 (20–24) | 22 (20–25) | 21.75 (18.5–20) | 0.057 |
| Body temperature (°C) | 36.7 (36.4–37.4) | 36.7 (36.4–37.6) | 36.8 (36.5–37.3) | 0.881 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 95 (90–97) | 95 (89–97) | 95.5 (91.5–98) | 0.502 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.991 |
| Duration of fever (days) | 6 (1–11) | 4 (1–8) | 10.5 (6–17.5) | 0.004 |
| PaO2/FiO2 at HFNC initiation | 151 (93–248) | 154 (88–234) | 141 (95–268) | 0.943 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cells (×109/L) | 6.5 (4.9–10.2) | 7.0 (5.0–12.0) | 5.9 (4.6–7.3) | 0.092 |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 0.75 (0.38–1.08) | 0.72 (0.38–1.15) | 0.81 (0.39–0.97) | 0.866 |
| Protein (g/dL) | 6.4 (6.0–6.8) | 6.4 (6.0–6.9) | 6.4 (6.1–6.8) | 0.887 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.67–1.06) | 0.79 (0.60–1.10) | 0.87 (0.73–1.00) | 0.320 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 10.3 (6.0–18.2) | 11.0 (6.6–18.8) | 6.6 (2.6–12.8) | 0.008 |
| Chest x-ray (%) | 0.065 | |||
| Normal or unilateral | 11 (15.7) | 5 (10.0) | 6 (14.0) | |
| Bilateral or multifocal | 59 (84.3) | 45 (90.0) | 14 (70.0) | |
| Treatment (%) | ||||
| Remdesivir | 28 (40.0) | 20 (71.4) | 8 (40.0) | 1.000 |
| Antibiotics | 43 (61.4) | 33 (66.0) | 10 (50.0) | 0.214 |
| Vasopressor | 33 (47.1) | 25 (50.0) | 8 (40.0) | 0.449 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 10 (14.3) | 7 (14.0) | 3 (15.0) | 1.000 |
| Corticosteroid | 67 (95.7) | 47 (94.0) | 20 (100.0) | 0.552 |
| Neuromuscular blocker | 49 (70.0) | 38 (76.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0.083 |
| Prone positioning | 9 (12.9) | 6 (12.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0.708 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| In-hospital mortality (%) | 32 (45.7) | 19 (38.0) | 13 (65.0) | 0.041 |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) | 15 (9–31) | 15 (9–28.5) | 11 (6–38) | 0.458 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 22 (16–31) | 27.5 (21–48) | 27.5 (17–62) | 0.948 |
| Tracheostomy (%) | 24 (35.8) | 17 (34.7) | 7 (38.9) | 0.751 |
Values expressed as median (interquartile range) or n (%). COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; CURB-65 = Confusion, Urea nitrogen, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, 65 years of age and older; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; PaO2 = partial pressure of oxygen; and FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen.