Skip to main content
. 2021 Oct 1;13(10):697. doi: 10.3390/toxins13100697

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Comparative BMAA Toxicology. The BMAA toxin was detected in the parietal lobe region of stranded dolphins (n = 7) [15] and the cerebral cortex of human postmortem brain samples from non-demented (CTL; n = 12) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients (n = 12) using HPLC-FD [8]. The median BMAA concentration detected was 165.9 (112.0) μg/g with concentrations ranging from 20.2 to 323.3 μg/g across all dolphins. Each dolphin was ranked based on their BMAA concentrations and then compared with the levels of BMAA detected in humans with clinically diagnosed AD (139.5 (120.6) μg/g). Using this comparison, our dolphin cohort was then divided into two categories based on environmental BMAA exposure concentration being less than (salmon bars) or greater (cayenne bars) than those found in AD patients (black bar). Dolphin analysis (**, p = 0.0027, ***, p = 0.0002; **, p = 0.0016; ****, p < 0.0001; ANOVA); Human analysis: (****, p < 0.0001; ns, no significance Mann Whitney Test).