| AFM | atomic force microscopy |
| ATR | attenuated total reflectance |
| DPSCs | dental pulp stem cells |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| FDA | fluorescein diacetate |
| PVA | polyvinyl alcohol |
| GA | glutaraldehyde |
| IR | infrared spectroscopy |
| LV-SEM | low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy |
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