| A | membrane surface area (cm2) |
| Ceff | effective capacitance (F) |
| Cfix | fixed charge density (mol/L) |
| Rm | membrane resistance (Ω) |
| RA | area resistance (Ωcm2) |
| sw | swelling degree (%) |
| ∆ES | electrical potential difference (mV) |
| Greek letters | |
| ζ | zeta potential (mV) |
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