A.C.	atomic composition (%)
AEM	anion exchange membrane
CEM	cation exchange membrane
CPE	constant phase element
DBL	diffusion boundary layer
ED	electrodialysis
EDL	electrical double layer
EIS	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
IEC	ion exchange capacity
IEM	ion exchange membrane
FT-IR	fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
RED	reverse electrodialysis
TSP	tangential streaming potential
XPS	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy