Table 2.
Current information on the role of various miRNAs in STEMI.
| Subjects Enrolled | Animal | Detection Method | Marker Comparison | Salient Findings | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 33 STEMI vs. controls | C57BL/6 female mice | qRT–PCR | cTnI | -Upregulation of miR-1, -133a, -133b, and -499-5p plasma levels, both in humans and mice; -miR-122 and -375 lower than control only in STEMI patients; |
2010 | [56] |
| 397 STEMI vs. 113 NSTEMI vs. 87 control | - | qRT–PCR | hs-cTnT | -A total of 3 h after onset of pain, miR-499 was positive in 93% of patients and hs-cTnT in 88% of patients (p -0.78); miR-499 and hs-cTnT provided comparable diagnostic value with areas under the ROC curves of 0.97; |
2012 | [93] |
| STEMI vs. control | Rat model of AMI | qRT–PCR | serum TnI | - A total 50-fold increase in miR-1 level in urine from rats at 24 h after AMI (p < 0.0001; in humans: a positive correlation serum TnI and urine miR-1 levels (r = 0.70; p < 0.05), 5 patinets had very low levels of miR-208 in urine; | 2012 | [104] |
| 237 STEMI post-pPCI | - | qRT–PCR | CK-MB NT-proBNPcTnI |
- miR-21 correlated with cTnI (p < 0.0001), but not with CK-MB (p = 0.064)/ NTproBNP (p = 0.0665); miR146a (odds ratio, OR = 2.127, p < 0.0001), miR-21 (OR = 1.119,p < 0.0001) predictors of LVR; | 2015 | [135] |
| 77 STEMI, 21 NSTEMI vs. 23 control | qRT–PCR and ELISA | cTnI | - miR-133b and miR-499-5p were significantly higher in the early phase (the first 4 h) (p < 0.05); | 2015 | [140] | |
| 50 STEMI, 50 stable CAD vs. 50 control | - | qRT–PCR | - | - miR499-5p independent predictor of STEMI (OR = 3.03, p = 0.001); MiR15a-5p, miR146a-5p, and miR16-5p had AUCs of 0.67, 0.65, and 0.68, respectively; | 2016 | [139] |
| 16 STEMI vs. 27 NSTEMI | - | qRT–PCR | - | - miR-134 s 3.83-fold higher in the STEMI with IRA occlusion group (p < 0.025); significantly higher hs-TnT levels, compared with NSTEMI; | 2016 | [178] |
| 5 STEMI, 5 NSTEMI vs. 5 controls | - | qRT–PCR | - | - plasma miR-941 level was elevated 2.28-fold in STEMI compared with non-CAD (p < 0.05); | 2017 | [122] |
| 20 STEMI vs. 8 control | - | qRT–PCR | - | - miR-155 (day 5) was higher in patients with adverse LVR, compared with patients without adverse LVR; its levels were associated to relative change in end-diastolic volume (ρ = 0.490, p = 0.028); | 2017 | [151] |
| 9 STEMI, 5 NSTEMI vs. 12 controls | - | sRNA-seq and qRT–PCR | - | - miR-134-5p, miR-15a-5p, and let-7i-5p significantly downregulated (5-fold, 7-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively); discriminatory power was highest with let-7i-5p (AUC = 0.833); | 2018 | [76] |
| 225 STEMI post-pPCI | - | qRT–PCR | hs-CRP | - miRNA-30e yielded AUC of 0.914 (95% CI: 0.870–0.957; sensitivity¼ 82.7%, specificity¼ 88.6%, p < 0.001)—independent predictor of the no-reflow phenomenon during pPCI STEMI patients; | 2018 | [98] |
| 70 STEMI | - | qRT–PCR | - | - miRNA-1254 was associated with decreasing LVESVI (p = 0.006) and significant positive association with increasing LVEF during follow-up (p < 0.001); | 2018 | [121] |
| 20 STEMI, 18 NSTEMI- TASH, vs. control | - | qRT–PCR | cMyBP-C hs-cTNI/T CK-MB CK |
- miR-208b and miR-499(p < 0.0001) had the highest correlation with hs-cTnT; miRNAs failed to identify cases presenting with low troponin value; | 2019 | [25] |
| 62 STEMI vs. 26 controls | - | qRT–PCR | - | - miR-30d-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-23a-3p were, respectively, 1.581-fold, 4.048-fold, and 4.857-fold lower in patients with STEMI (<0.001) | 2019 | [112] |
| 40 STEMI | - | qRT–PCR | - | -miR-28a diagnostic accuracy for MI (AUC = 0.926); after primary PCI, miR-208a it was superior to cTnT in prediction of no-reflow (AUC difference of 0.231, p = 0.0233) and MACE (AUC difference of 0.367, p = 0.0053; | 2020 | [99] |
| 80 STEMI | - | PCR | CK–MB NT-proBNP troponin T |
-miR-1 expression predicted LV remodeling with AUC value of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.56–0.78); | 2020 | [85] |
| 15 STEMI vs. 11 US/NESTEMI vs. 54 control | - | qRT–PCR | - | - Both miRNAs differentiated STEMI from NSTEMI with miR-133b AUC 0.80 with >75.6% sensitivity and specificity; AUC for miR-21 was 0.79 with >69.4% sensitivity and specificity; | 2020 | [94] |
| 42 STEMI post-pPCI vs. 14 control | - | qRT–PCR | CK | - miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-324, miR-208, miR-423, miR-522, and miR-545 was differentially expressed before pPCI in STEMI; miR-320a as an independent predictor of LVAR (p < 0.045); | 2020 | [120] |
| 270 STEMI post-pPCI | - | qRT–PCR | - | - Increased miR-150,-21,-208 (p < 0.05); raised miR-144 was related to PWV reduction (r = 0.763, p < 0.001); | 2021 | [117] |
| 41 STEMI vs. 17 control | - | qRT–PCR | - | - miR-744-3p, miR-330-3p, and miR-324-3p distinguishing between PR and PE; | 2021 | [152] |
qRT-PCR quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT –PCR); small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq); CK-MB creatine kinase MB ; cardiac Troponin I (cTnI); high sensitivity troponin (hs-Tns); cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C); area under the curve (AUC); primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI); transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH); infarct-related artery (IRA) occlusion; major adverse cardiac events (MACE); acute myocardial infarction (AMI); carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV); left ventricular adverse remodelling (LVAR); lef ventricle end-systolic volume index (LVESVI); left ventricule ejection fraction (LVEF).