Table 3.

CSF lactate and CSF glucose concentrations reported in TBM, as described by 15 studies over the past 25 years, including their weighted summaries and comparison to reference values. Concentrations are in mmol/L. SD = standard deviation.

		Lactate				Glucose
Study	Pediatrics/Adults	n	Mean	SD	Range	n	Mean	SD	Range
Donald and Malan 1985 [37]	Both	26	4.86			38	1.94
Tang 1988 [38]	Adults	21	7	2.3	3.9–11	21	1.7	0.8	0.6–3.2
Donald et al. 1989 [39]
Stage 2	Pediatrics	20	5.33		3.11–9.87	20	1.6		1–4
Stage 3	Pediatrics	14	5.77		2.53–6.95	14	1.6		1–5.2
Carlini et al. 1997 [33]	Pediatrics	61	6.4		1.4–17.9	79	1.8		0.1–9.1
Lu et al. 2001 [40]
Poor outcome	Adults	16	7.16	2.165		18	1.78	0.966
Good outcome	Adults	18	4.97	2.31		18	2.098	0.73
Thwaites et al. 2002 [41]	Adults	102	5.4		1.5–9.8
Thwaites et al. 2003 [42]
Survived	Adults	16	5.9	2.6
Died	Adults	5	9.5	3.3
Mason et al. 2015 [22]	Pediatrics	17	7.36	2.36		17	2.69	1.22
Solomons et al. 2015 [43]	Pediatrics					469	1.85	1.18
Chatterji et al. 2016 [31]	Adults	26	17	9.55
Mason et al. 2016 [23]	Pediatrics	20	5.2	2.6	1.5–10.5	16	1.96	1.35	0.2–5.1
Faried et al. 2018 [34]	Both	34	3.04	1.05	1.5–6.4
Zhang et al. 2019 [29]	Adults	25	7.07	3.09		25	2.01	0.79
Cresswell et al. 2020 [44]	Adults	18	9.5		4.6–11
Van Zyl et al. 2020 [28]	Pediatrics	23	7.59	3.59		23	2.4	1.19
Weighted summary:		N = 462	6.59	2.89	3.04–17	N = 758	1.88	0.18	1.6–2.69
Reference:
Leen et al. 2012 [50]	Pediatrics				1.0–2.2				1.9–4.9
Leen et al. 2012 [50]	Adults				1.2–2.7				2.6–4.5