Table 1.
Significant outbreaks of dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya virus infections in Africa since the year 2000.
| Virus | Country | Years | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dengue fever | Sudan | 2004, 2015 | [42,43] |
| Kenya | 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017 | [44,45,46] | |
| Burkina Faso | 2016, 2017 | [47,48] | |
| Mozambique | 2014 | [49] | |
| Angola | 2013 | [50,51] | |
| Tanzania | 2014, 2018–2019 | [52,53,54] | |
| Gabon | 2007, 2010 | [55] | |
| Senegal | 2009, 2017, 2018–2020 | [56,57,58] | |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 2017, 2019 | [54,59] | |
| Seychelles | 2015, 2020 | [15,58] | |
| Benin | 2019 | [54] | |
| Ethiopia | 2018, 2019 | [15] | |
| Mauritius | 2019 | [60] | |
| Kenya | 2018–2019, 2021 | [15,61] | |
| Mauretania | 2018 | [58] | |
| Mali | 2019–2020 | [15] | |
| Yellow fever | Nigeria | 2018, 2020, 2021 | [54,62,63,64] |
| Sudan | 2011, 2012, 2018 | [65,66,67,68] | |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 2001–2003, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2019 | [54,69,70,71] | |
| Senegal | 2020 | [72] | |
| Guinea | 2000–2001, 2008, 2009 | [73,74,75] | |
| Liberia | 2004 | [76] | |
| Cameroon | 2017-2021 | [77] | |
| Ghana | 2012 | [78] | |
| Sierra Leone | 2011 | [79] | |
| Republic of South Sudan | 2003 | [80] | |
| Togo | 2006 | [81] | |
| Central African Republic | 2009 | [82] | |
| Uganda | 2010, 2011, 2016, 2019 | [54,83,84] | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2015–2016 | [85,86,87] | |
| Ethiopia | 2013 | [88] | |
| Angola | 2015–2016 | [87] | |
| Zika | Angola | 2017 | [89] |
| Cabo Verde Islands | 2015, 2016 | [90,91] | |
| Chikungunya | Kenya | 2004, 2016, 2018 | [92,93,94,95] |
| Gabon | 2007, 2010 | [96,97] | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2011, 2019–2020 | [95,98,99,100] | |
| Cameroon | 2006 | [101,102] | |
| Senegal | 2009–2010, 2015 | [95,103] | |
| Sudan | 2005, 2018 | [66,95,104] | |
| Ethiopia | 2019 | [105] | |
| Sierra Leone | 2012 | [106] |