Table 1.

Various models of pancreatic cancer for preclinical studies.

	In Vitro		In Vivo
Models	Cell Line	Patient-Derived Organoid	Cell Line Xenograft	Patient-Derived Xenograft	Genetically Modified Mouse Model (GEMM)
TME	-	+++	+	++	++
Immune system	-	++	+	+	+++
Pros	Fast and easy growth Rapid drug screening	Mimic complex TME and stroma Orthotopically transplantable	Useful for testing drug efficacy and safety	Mirror patient response to drug Personalized drug regimen	Useful tool for oncogenic mutation investigation and biomarker discovery
Cons	Genetically uniform	New model and needs further analysis	Limited TME and immune system	Engraftment difficulties Long duration of growth Selection for aggressive tumors	Species discrepancy High cost and complexity of GEMM generation

Parameters are appreciated as abundant (+++), moderate (++), minimal (+) and none (-).