Figure 1.

Insulin secretion mechanism. Glucose is transported into pancreatic beta cells through facilitated diffusion by GLUT2 glucose transporters. Intracellular glucose is metabolized to ATP through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. A high ATP/ADP ratio induces closure of K⁺ channels, leading to cell membrane depolarization. This event promotes the opening of Ca²⁺ channels, facilitates extracellular Ca²⁺ influx into the beta cell, and in turn triggers insulin exocytosis. Adapted from “Insulin Production Pathway”, by BioRender.com (2021). Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates, accessed on 15 September 2021.