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. 2021 Sep 28;14(10):986. doi: 10.3390/ph14100986

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of Gardenia jasminoides water (GJW) and 70% ethanol (GJE) extracts on interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13-induced periostin generation via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs). Cells were incubated in the presence of the indicated concentrations of IL-4/IL-13, GJW, or GJE for 24 h. (A–C) Cell viability was determined using the MTS assay. Cells were treated with GJW or GJE (10, 30, or 100 μg/mL) or MitoTEMPO (100 μM) along with 15 ng/mL IL-4/IL-13 conditioned medium for 24 h (D,E) or 1 h (F). (D,E) Periostin levels in the cell culture medium were measured using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following manufacturer’s instructions. (F) Analysis of mitochondrial ROS levels in IL-4/IL-13-treated HNEpCs. Cells were incubated with the mitochondrial indicator MitoSOX and analyzed using confocal microscopy (magnification: 130×, scalebar: 20 μm) after stimulation with 15 ng/mL IL-4/IL-13 in the presence or absence of GJW, GJE, or MitoTEMPO (the latter was used as a positive control for inhibiting the effects of IL-4/IL-13). Data are representative of three independent experiments and expressed as the means ± standard deviation; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. control; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001 vs. IL-4/IL-13. MtTEMPO, MitoTEMPO.