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Chemical structure of major substrates metabolized by aldose reductase (AR) enzyme. (a). Acrolein (prop-2-enal), (b). HNE ((E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enal), (c). Glyoxal (oxaldehyde), (d). Methylglyoxal (2-oxopropanal), (e). ONE ((E)-4-oxonon-2-enal), (f). Glucose (6-(hydroxymethyl) oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol), (g). Galactose ((3R,4S,5R,6R) -6-(hydroxymethyl) oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol).
