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. 2021 Sep 27;11(10):655. doi: 10.3390/metabo11100655

Table 2.

A select list of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors. Different categories (types, and subtypes) of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested both in experimental animals as well as in human subjects.

Categories (Types/Subtypes) AR Inhibitors Reference(s)
Naturally Occurring

  • D-saccharic acid 1,4—lactone

  • Resveratrol

  • Vitamin K1

 [21,22,23]
Flavanone Glucoside

  • Hesperidin

  • B-Glucogallin

 [24,25,26,27,28]
Alkaloids

  • Berberine

  • Palmatine

  • Coptisine

  • Iateorrhizine

 [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]
Spirohydantoin

  • Sorbinil

  • Fidarestat (SNK-860)

 [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]
Acetic Acid

  • Alrestatin

 [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]
Carboxyl Acid

  • Tolrestat

  • Epalrestat

  • Ponalrestat

 [62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90]
Flavanoids

  • Quercetin

 [29,37,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]
Spiroscinimide

  • Ranirestat (AS-3201)

  • Zopolrestat

  • NZ-314

  • Ponalrestat

  • (z)2-(5-(4-methoxybenzylidine)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid

  • Zenarestat

 [50,61,81,82,83,87,88,90,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129]