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. 2021 Sep 27;11(10):2525. doi: 10.3390/nano11102525

Table 1.

CDs-based electrochemical biosensors reported (2018 onwards) for healthcare applications.

Electrode Nanomaterials Receptor Type Receptor Target
Analyte		 Detection
Technique(s)		 Specimen Linear Range Detection Limit Reference
ITO CDs-PMMA Antibody Anti-TNFα TNFα Amperometry Buffer;
human blood		 0.05–160 pg mL−1 0.05 pg mL−1 [238]
SPCE CDs/ZnO/PANI Nucleic acid ss-DNA probe E. coli O157:H7 DPV Water samples 1.3 × 10−18–10 × 10−12 M 1.3 × 10−18 M [239]
SPGE CDs Nucleic acid ds-DNA probe Target DNAs DPV DNA isolated from peripheral leucocytes 0.001–20 µM 0.16 nM [240]
SPCE CDs Nucleic acid Aptamer probe 17 β- estradiol EIS Water samples 1 × 10−7–1 × 10−12 M 0.5 × 10−12 M [241]
Graphite electrode CDs/PFTBDT Enzyme Laccase Catechol Amperometry Water samples 1.25–175 µM 1.23 µM [242]
- CoCu-ZIF@CDs Cells B16-F10 cell-targeted aptamer strands B16-F10 cells EIS Human B16-F10 living cells 1 × 102–1 × 105 cells mL−1 33 cells mL−1 [243]
GCE g-C3N4/N-CDs MIP EPI imprinted polymer EPI CV; EIS Human urine samples 1 pM–1 nM 0.3 pM [244]
PGE ABSA/CDs MIP FA imprinted polymer FA CV; DPCSV Pharmaceuticals; human urine samples 2.2–30.8 ng mL−1 2.02 ng mL−1 [245]

Abbreviations: ABSA: p-amino benzene sulphonic acid; CDs: carbon dots; Co: cobalt; Cu: copper; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DPCSV: differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; E. coli: Escherichia coli; ds: double stranded; EIS: electron impedance spectroscopy; EPI: epinephrine; FA: folic acid; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; g-C3N4: graphitic carbon nitride; ITO: indium tin oxide; MIP: molecularly imprinted polymer; N-CDs: nitrogen doped CDs; PANI: poly-aniline; PFTBDT: poly[1-(5-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′] dithiophen-2-yl) furan-2-yl) -5-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(furan-2-yl)-4H thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6(5H)-dione]; PGE: pencil graphite electrode; PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate; SPCE: screen printed carbon electrode; SPGE: screen printed gold electrode; ss: single stranded; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; ZIF: zeolite imidazole framework; ZnO: zinc oxide.