Table 1.

Biological effects of some probiotics in C. elegans model

Subject of investigation	Probiotic strains	Findings	Relative genes/pathway studied	Reference
Immune-modulation	Enterococcus faecium L11	Upregulate genes for host defence, protective effect against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in C. elegans	TGF-β pathway (dbl-1 and sma-3) MAPK pathway (pmk-1 and sek-1)	[79]
Proteotoxicity	Bacillus subtilis PXN21	Inhibit, delay and reverses α-synuclein aggregation in C. elegans	Daf-16, sphingolipid metabolism pathway (lagr-1, asm-3, and sptl-3)	[80]
Energy and lipid metabolism	Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. fermentum, and Leuconostoc lactis	Alter the expression of genes associated with obesity phenotypes in C. elegans	nhr-49, pept-1, and tub-1	[81]
Cancer Chemotherapeutics	Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, Pediococcus acidilactici	Inhibit the growth of tumour-like germ cells	gld-1	[82]
	E. coli BW25113, Comamonas aquatica DA1877	Understanding the complexity of host-microbe-drug interactions	ndk-1	[83, 84]
Toxicology	Lactobacillus bulgaricus	Protection from graphine oxide toxicity to both primary and secondary targeted organs of C. elegans	acs-22	[85]
Behavioural	Bifidobacterium infantis	Involved in leaving behaviour in worms	tol-1	[86]
Antifungal	Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35	Mechanistic insights against Candida albicans infection using C. elegans	p38 MAPK signalling pathway	[87]
Cell signalling	Bifidobacterium infantis	Involvement of Toll like receptor (TLR) in leaving behaviour in C. elegans	tol-1	[86]