Table 1.

Immobilized nanobiocatalysts for biotechnological application

Enzyme	Supports	Immobilization method	Application	References
HjLAD and SpNox	Cu metal	Encapsulation	l-xylulose production	[18]
Cholesterol oxidase	TiO2–MWCNT@Inulin nanocomposite	Encapsulation	Determination of cholesterol in spiked blood serum and milk samples	[19]
Alcohol dehydrogenase	Carboxymethyl dextran-coated magnetic nanoparticles	Covalent	Determination of ethanol	[20]
Glucose dehydrogenase	Silica support (MM-SBA-15)	Encapsulation	Gluconic acid production	[21]
(S)-Mandelate dehydrogenase (SMDH) and laccase	Chitosan	Covalent	Stereoselective biotransformation of racemic mandelic acid	[22]
Laccase	rGO–Fe3O4	Adsorption	Oxidation of phenolic compound	[23]
	Cu and Zn-metals	Encapsulation	Degradation of bisphenol A	[24]
	Cu metal	Encapsulation and cross–linking	Decolorization of synthetic dyes	[25]
	Fe2O3 yolk-shell	Covalent	2,6-Dimethoxyphenol biosensor	[26]
	Fe2O3 yolk–shell	Covalent and cross-linking	Decolorization of synthetic dyes and degradation of bisphenol A	[13]
	Fe3O4	Covalent	Degradation of bisphenol A	[27]
	Fe3O4–MWCNTs@SiO2	Covalent	Decolorization of azo dyes	[28]
Lipase	Magnetic rice straw	Adsorption and cross-linking	Fatty esters production	[29]
	Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane	Covalent	Fatty acid ethyl ester production	[30]
Cellulosic enzymes	Fe3O4	Covalent	Ethanol production	[31]
α-Amylase, pectinase and cellulase	Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles	Cross linking	Juice clarification	[32]