Table 3.

Prevalence Ratios [95% Confidence Intervals] for ACEs and Emotional and Behavioral Problems, Maryland High School Students (2018)

ACEs and emotional and behavioral problems	Poor school performance	Emotional distress	Suicidal ideation	Fighting at school	Alcohol use	Marijuana use
Individual ACEs
Food insecurity	1.72 [1.51, 1.98]	2.32 [2.09, 2.57]	2.20 [1.92, 2.53]	2.14 [1.84, 2.49]	1.45 [1.30, 1.63]	1.61 [1.42, 1.84]
Family gambling/substance use	1.38 [1.22, 1.56]	2.64 [2.42, 2.88]	2.70 [2.48, 2.94]	2.02 [1.77, 2.29]	1.75 [1.60, 1.92]	2.23 [1.99, 2.50]
Mental illness of a family member	1.45 [1.21, 1.50]	3.81 [3.52, 4.12]	3.88 [3.54, 4.26]	2.03 [1.79, 2.30]	1.59 [1.47, 1.72]	1.99 [1.78, 2.22]
Family member has been in prison/jail	2.04 [1.81, 2.29]	2.04 [1.85, 2.25]	2.06 [1.88, 2.26]	2.59 [2.26, 2.97]	1.75 [1.59, 1.93]	2.69 [2.39, 3.03]
Caregiver verbal abuse	1.32 [1.16, 1.51]	4.02 [3.64, 4.43]	4.21 [3.81, 4.64]	2.27 [1.99, 2.58]	1.86 [1.67, 2.08]	1.95 [1.74, 2.20]
No. of ACEs
One	1.44 [1.28, 1.61]	2.61 [2.38, 2.87]	2.65 [2.31, 3.04]	2.05 [1.76, 2.39]	1.39 [1.23, 1.56]	1.50 [1.26, 1.78]
Two	1.68 [1.41, 2.01]	4.54 [4.04, 5.11]	4.88 [4.16, 5.73]	2.58 [2.10, 3.17]	1.81 [1.58, 2.07]	2.39 [2.04, 2.80]
Three or more	2.24 [1.89, 2.64]	8.07 [7.12, 9.15]	8.67 [7.69, 9.78]	4.73 [4.03, 5.56]	2.59 [2.32, 2.90]	3.99 [3.47, 4.58]

Note. Estimates are from multivariable logistic regression, all models adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level. ACE = adverse childhood experience.