TABLE 3.
HRs (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of the healthy (GDQS+) and unhealthy (GDQS−) submetrics of the GDQS in the Nurses’ Health Study II1
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDQS+ submetric (max = 32) | ||||||
| All women | ||||||
| Median score | 8.0 | 11.3 | 13.6 | 15.8 | 18.8 | |
| Cases, n | 1441 | 1290 | 1188 | 1232 | 1154 | |
| Person-years | 366,057 | 365,828 | 368,066 | 366,408 | 367,005 | |
| Age- and kcal-adjusted | 1 | 0.83 (0.77, 0.90) | 0.70 (0.64, 0.76) | 0.67 (0.62, 0.73) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.59) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.86 |
| Women < age 50 y | ||||||
| Median score | 7.5 | 10.8 | 13.2 | 15.4 | 18.5 | |
| Cases, n | 554 | 459 | 403 | 443 | 407 | |
| Person-years | 205,773 | 202,984 | 200,220 | 197,583 | 191,192 | |
| Age- and kcal-adjusted | 1 | 0.79 (0.69, 0.89) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.73) | 0.67 (0.58, 0.76) | 0.55 (0.47, 0.64) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) | 0.97 |
| Women age ≥ 50 y | ||||||
| Median score | 8.6 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 16.2 | 19.1 | |
| Cases, n | 887 | 831 | 785 | 789 | 747 | |
| Person-years | 160,284 | 162,845 | 167,846 | 168,825 | 175,813 | |
| Age- and kcal-adjusted | 1 | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) | 0.68 (0.61, 0.76) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.77 |
| GDQS− submetric (max = 14) (high score = less unhealthy) | ||||||
| All women | ||||||
| Median score | 5.5 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 11.0 | |
| Cases, n | 1701 | 1446 | 1151 | 1050 | 957 | |
| Person-years | 374,851 | 354,527 | 367,116 | 359,807 | 377,063 | |
| Age- and kcal-adjusted | 1 | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.66 (0.61, 0.71) | 0.56 (0.51, 0.61) | 0.47 (0.43, 0.51) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.78, 0.92) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Women < age 50 y | ||||||
| Median score | 5.3 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 9.5 | 11.0 | |
| Cases, n | 661 | 517 | 394 | 375 | 319 | |
| Person-years | 219,316 | 190,611 | 202,692 | 190,611 | 194,521 | |
| Age- and kcal-adjusted | 1 | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.69 (0.60, 0.79) | 0.61 (0.53, 0.70) | 0.52 (0.44, 0.61) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.95) | <0.001 |
| Women age ≥ 50 y | ||||||
| Median score | 5.8 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 9.8 | 11.2 | |
| Cases, n | 1040 | 929 | 757 | 675 | 638 | |
| Person-years | 155,535 | 163,915 | 164,424 | 169,196 | 182,542 | |
| Age- and kcal-adjusted | 1 | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) | 0.64 (0.58, 0.71) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.60) | 0.45 (0.40, 0.50) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable2 | 1 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.88) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.83) | <0.001 |
1
n = 88,520. GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; Q, quintile.
2
Adjusted for age, BMI, energy intake, smoking, family history of diabetes, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (“all women” analysis only), physical activity, alcohol intake, multivitamin use, and mutually adjusted for the other submetric.