TABLE 2.
Age-adjusted associations between the GDQS (scored using FFQ data) and continuous and categorical diet quality outcomes in rural sub-Saharan African adults1
| Outcome | Statistic | Sex | n | Cases, n | GDQS quintile 1 | GDQS quintile 2 | GDQS quintile 3 | GDQS quintile 4 | GDQS quintile 5 | Per 1 SD | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ONA (#) | EMM (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 3.66 (3.53, 3.79) | 3.86 (3.73, 3.98) | 4.27 (4.14, 4.40) | 4.56 (4.43, 4.69) | 4.66 (4.53, 4.79) | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | <0.0012 | |
| F | 1624 | 3.97 (3.83, 4.11) | 4.56 (4.40, 4.71) | 5.26 (5.11, 5.41) | 5.61 (5.46, 5.76) | 5.33 (5.17, 5.48) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | <0.0012 | |||
| ONA <4 | OR (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 539 | REF | 0.63 (0.46, 0.86) | 0.36 (0.26, 0.50) | 0.22 (0.15, 0.31) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.26) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.57) | <0.0012 |
| F | 1624 | 417 | REF | 0.41 (0.30, 0.56) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.22) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.12) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.13) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.40) | <0.0012 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | EMM (95% CI) | M | 360 | 20.50 (19.92, 21.09) | 20.34 (19.63, 21.06) | 20.80 (20.11, 21.48) | 20.62 (19.84, 21.39) | 20.45 (19.67, 21.22) | −0.01 (−0.31, 0.29) | 0.89 | |
| F | 451 | 21.34 (20.55, 22.13) | 21.95 (21.09, 22.80) | 22.31 (21.49, 23.12) | 21.96 (21.19, 22.73) | 21.61 (20.74, 22.48) | 0.08 (−0.28, 0.45) | 0.68 | |||
| BMI <18.5 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 88 | REF | 1.18 (0.59, 2.36) | 0.67 (0.31, 1.37) | 0.93 (0.43, 1.97) | 0.89 (0.41, 1.87) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.59 |
| F | 451 | 65 | REF | 0.90 (0.40, 2.01) | 0.55 (0.22, 1.30) | 0.82 (0.38, 1.79) | 0.84 (0.36, 1.91) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 0.64 | ||
| BMI ≥25 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 24 | REF | 1.55 (0.47, 5.18) | 1.13 (0.31, 3.89) | 0.85 (0.17, 3.37) | 1.20 (0.29, 4.38) | 0.99 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.87 |
| F | 451 | 75 | REF | 1.31 (0.57, 3.02) | 1.46 (0.66, 3.26) | 1.64 (0.77, 3.60) | 1.05 (0.43, 2.50) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.74 | ||
| MUAC, cm | EMM (95% CI) | M | 402 | 24.25 (23.52, 24.98) | 24.02 (23.17, 24.86) | 25.06 (24.22, 25.90) | 25.53 (24.56, 26.51) | 25.52 (24.52, 26.53) | 0.50 (0.11, 0.89) | 0.0052 | |
| F | 517 | 24.05 (23.36, 24.73) | 23.59 (22.89, 24.29) | 24.85 (24.12, 25.58) | 26.20 (25.43, 26.98) | 25.83 (24.97, 26.69) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.20) | <0.0012 | |||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 402 | 192 | REF | 0.78 (0.43, 1.42) | 0.53 (0.29, 0.95) | 0.39 (0.20, 0.75) | 0.44 (0.22, 0.85) | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.0022 |
| F | 517 | 234 | REF | 1.50 (0.89, 2.53) | 1.22 (0.72, 2.06) | 0.41 (0.23, 0.73) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.03) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | <0.0012 | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | EMM (95% CI) | M | 495 | 12.30 (11.86, 12.75) | 12.74 (12.24, 13.25) | 13.25 (12.78, 13.71) | 13.01 (12.51, 13.51) | 13.55 (13.03, 14.07) | 0.41 (0.20, 0.62) | <0.0012 | |
| F | 554 | 10.42 (10.02, 10.82) | 11.01 (10.52, 11.49) | 11.27 (10.83, 11.71) | 11.68 (11.26, 12.10) | 11.86 (11.41, 12.31) | 0.52 (0.33, 0.71) | <0.0012 | |||
| Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 495 | 220 | REF | 0.79 (0.45, 1.36) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.13) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.15) | 0.56 (0.32, 0.98) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.0412 |
| F | 554 | 316 | REF | 0.99 (0.57, 1.73) | 0.99 (0.58, 1.67) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.20) | 0.60 (0.35, 1.01) | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.0262 |
1
GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; EMM, estimated marginal mean; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; ONA, energy-adjusted continuous measure of overall nutrient adequacy (number of adequate nutrients out of 8); REF, reference.
2
Indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05) linear trends across metric quintiles.