TABLE 3.
Comparison of age-adjusted associations between the GDQS and other diet metrics compared with selected diet quality outcomes in rural sub-Saharan African adults1
| GDQS | Comparison metric | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison metric | Outcome | Statistic | Sex | n | Cases, n | Per 1 SD | P-trend | Per 1 SD | P-trend | P-difference |
| GDQS+ | Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 495 | 220 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.041 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.0062 | 0.17 |
| F | 554 | 316 | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.026 | 0.82 (0.68, 0.97) | 0.0442 | 0.66 | |||
| BMI <18.5 kg/m2 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 88 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.585 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.10) | 0.25 | 0.21 | |
| F | 451 | 65 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 0.644 | 0.84 (0.63, 1.10) | 0.37 | 0.24 | |||
| BMI ≥25 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 24 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.874 | 1.21 (0.78, 1.86) | 0.56 | 0.29 | |
| F | 451 | 75 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.741 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 0.29 | 0.25 | |||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 402 | 192 | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.002 | 0.63 (0.50, 0.79) | 0.0052 | 0.90 | |
| F | 517 | 234 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | 0.000 | 0.60 (0.49, 0.72) | <0.0012 | 0.05 | |||
| ONA (#) | EMM (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | 0.000 | 0.43 (0.37, 0.49) | <0.0012 | 0.08 | ||
| F | 1624 | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.000 | 0.55 (0.48, 0.62) | <0.0012 | 0.15 | ||||
| GDQS− | Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 495 | 220 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.041 | 1.35 (1.12, 1.63) | 0.0312 | 0.06 |
| F | 554 | 316 | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.026 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30) | 0.06 | 0.08 | |||
| BMI <18.5 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 88 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.585 | 1.30 (1.00, 1.70) | 0.19 | 0.31 | |
| F | 451 | 65 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 0.644 | 1.56 (1.17, 2.10) | 0.0022 | 0.16 | |||
| BMI ≥25 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 24 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.874 | 0.62 (0.41, 0.95) | 0.08 | 0.20 | |
| F | 451 | 75 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.741 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.07) | 0.0122 | 0.33 | |||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 402 | 192 | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.002 | 1.26 (1.02, 1.56) | 0.09 | 0.07 | |
| F | 517 | 234 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | 0.000 | 1.78 (1.47, 2.17) | <0.0012 | 0.0382 | |||
| ONA (#) | EMM (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | 0.000 | −0.18 (−0.24, −0.11) | <0.0012 | 0.0012 | ||
| F | 1624 | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.000 | −0.20 (−0.27, −0.12) | <0.0012 | <0.0012 | ||||
| PDQS-like metric | Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 495 | 220 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.041 | 0.65 (0.54, 0.78) | 0.0022 | 0.13 |
| F | 554 | 316 | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.026 | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92) | 0.0322 | 0.69 | |||
| BMI <18.5 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 88 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.585 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 0.60 | 0.24 | |
| F | 451 | 65 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 0.644 | 0.94 (0.73, 1.23) | 0.54 | 0.23 | |||
| BMI ≥25 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 24 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.874 | 1.10 (0.71, 1.69) | 0.53 | 0.22 | |
| F | 451 | 75 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.741 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.82 | 0.76 | |||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 402 | 192 | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.002 | 0.66 (0.53, 0.83) | 0.0282 | 0.55 | |
| F | 517 | 234 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | 0.000 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.0032 | 0.44 | |||
| ONA (#) | EMM (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | 0.000 | 0.30 (0.24, 0.36) | 0.0002 | 0.06 | ||
| F | 1624 | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.000 | 0.46 (0.39, 0.53) | 0.0002 | 0.08 | ||||
| MDD-W | Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 495 | 220 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.041 | 0.63 (0.53, 0.76) | 0.0012 | 0.10 |
| F | 554 | 316 | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.026 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.0312 | 0.397 | |||
| BMI <18.5 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 88 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.585 | 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) | 0.37 | 0.36 | |
| F | 451 | 65 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 0.644 | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 0.41 | 0.47 | |||
| BMI ≥25 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 24 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.874 | 1.44 (0.94, 2.26) | 0.22 | 0.23 | |
| F | 451 | 75 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.741 | 1.24 (0.97, 1.60) | 0.13 | 0.15 | |||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 402 | 192 | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.002 | 0.65 (0.52, 0.81) | 0.07 | 0.51 | |
| F | 517 | 234 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | 0.000 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | <0.0012 | 0.20 | |||
| ONA (#) | EMM (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | 0.000 | 0.45 (0.39, 0.50) | <0.0012 | 0.39 | ||
| F | 1624 | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.51, 0.64) | <0.0012 | 0.20 | ||||
| AHEI-2010 | Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 495 | 220 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.041 | 0.74 (0.61, 0.88) | 0.0022 | 0.35 |
| F | 554 | 316 | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.026 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.00) | 0.14 | 0.70 | |||
| BMI <18.5 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 88 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.585 | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 0.48 | 0.42 | |
| F | 451 | 65 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 0.644 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) | 0.819 | 0.44 | |||
| BMI ≥25 | OR (95% CI) | M | 360 | 24 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.874 | 1.47 (0.98, 2.23) | 0.12 | 0.34 | |
| F | 451 | 75 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.741 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.53) | 0.19 | 0.36 | |||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 402 | 192 | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.002 | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) | 0.0032 | 0.68 | |
| F | 517 | 234 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | 0.000 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.06 | 0.39 | |||
| ONA (#) | EMM (95% CI) | M | 1547 | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | 0.000 | 0.32 (0.26, 0.38) | <0.0012 | 0.20 | ||
| F | 1624 | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.000 | 0.50 (0.43, 0.57) | <0.0012 | 0.31 | ||||
Excluded from this table are outcomes categorized as lower clinical relevance (the binary measure of energy-adjusted overall nutrient inadequacy and continuous BMI, MUAC, and hemoglobin); refer to Supplemental Table 9 for expanded results. AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index–2010; EMM, estimated marginal mean; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; GDQS−, GDQS negative submetric; GDQS+, GDQS positive submetric; MDD-W, Minimum Dietary Diversity–Women; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; ONA, energy-adjusted continuous measure of overall nutrient adequacy (number of adequate nutrients out of 8); PDQS, Prime Diet Quality Score.
Indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05) linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend) and Wald tests comparing trends between the GDQS and other metrics (P-difference).