TABLE 4.
Select operationalized compared with original GDQS associations with outcome categories of nutrient adequacy and measures of NCD risk using cross sectional data1
| Dataset | Outcome | Statistic | n | GDQS | β coefficient per 1 SD (95% CI) | P value, trend2 | P value, difference3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient adequacy4 | |||||||
| Ethiopia | Nutrient adequacy | Mean | 1604 | Operationalized/original | 0.28 (0.21, 0.35)/0.32 (0.25, 0.39) | <0.001/<0.001 | 0.08 |
| Mexico | Nutrient adequacy | Mean | 2467 | Operationalized/original | 2.17 (1.81, 2.52)/2.24 (1.89, 2.59) | <0.001/<0.001 | 0.12 |
| China | Nutrient inadequacy | OR | 14,938 | Operationalized/original | 0.38 (0.36, 0.40)/0.41 (0.39, 0.44) | <0.001/<0.001 | NA5 |
| India | Nutrient adequacy | Mean | 3041 | Operationalized/original | 0.25 (0.21, 0.28)/0.28 (0.25, 0.31) | <0.001/<0.001 | 0.29 |
| MVP | Nutrient adequacy | Mean | 1624 | Operationalized/original | 0.46 (0.39, 0.53)/0.51 (0.45, 0.58)/ | <0.001/<0.001 | 0.17 |
| NCD risk | |||||||
| Ethiopia | BMI ≥25 | OR | 1596 | Operationalized/original | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41)/1.19 (1.02, 1.40) | 0.008/0.054 | 0.28 |
| Mexico | Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Mean | 1513 | Operationalized/original | −2.81 (−4.55, −1.07)/−2.91 (−4.65, −1.16) | 0.006/0.003 | 0.38 |
| China | Metabolic syndrome | OR | 11,148 | Operationalized/original | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)/0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | <0.001/<0.001 | NA5 |
| India | HDL cholesterol ≤50 mg/dL | OR | 3041 | Operationalized/original | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26)/1.12 (1.04, 1.22) | 0.001/0.002 | 0.62 |
| MVP | BMI ≥25 | OR | 451 | Operationalized/original | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27)/1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.72/0.74 | 0.80 |
Data presented for Ethiopia, India, and MVP are FFQ data; Mexico and China are 24-h recall data. GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; MVP, Millennium Villages Project; NA, not applicable; NCD, noncommunicable disease.
P value, trend is presented for quintile analysis.
Wald test results for difference between original and operationalized GDQS.
Nutrient adequacy is an Estimated Average Requirement–based, energy-adjusted aggregate measure of protein, fiber, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, folate, and vitamin B12. In all datasets except China, nutrient adequacy was used as a continuous variable and estimated marginal means are presented. In China, nutrient inadequacy was defined as the mean probability of adequacy for the 9 nutrients presented below 50% and OR is presented.
In the China dataset, the scores for the operationalized and original GDQS were so colinear that it was not possible to derive a meaningful test for difference between the 2 scores.