TABLE I.

Study Eligibility^*

Inclusion criteria

Provided informed consent

Age of 40 to 80 yr

Ineligibility for or refusal of surgery

Moderate to severe knee pain (VAS of >4)

Kellgren-Lawrence grade of 2, 3, or 4

Local knee tenderness

Resistance to or failure of conservative treatment (e.g., NSAIDs, PT, and joint injection) for at least 3 mo

Exclusion criteria

Mild knee pain (VAS of ≤4)

Clinical evidence of peripheral arterial disease

Recent or active cigarette use

Prior knee arthroplasty in the involved knee

Renal insufficiency (serum creatinine of >1.5 mg/dL)

^*PT = physical therapy.