Table 1.
The description of the response variable and the respective covariates included in the model
| Descriptions | |
|---|---|
| Childhood undernutrition using CIAF (outcome variable) | |
| Children level covariates | |
| Sex | Sex of a child (female vs male) |
| Age (months) | Age of a child in months |
| Vitamin A (VA) | Yes/no |
| Birth order (BO) | 1, 2–3 4 + (birth order number) |
| Breastfeeding (BF) | Yes/no |
| Child comorbidity status (CO) | (Presence of diarrhea, fever, ALRI in last 2 weeks before the survey): (No vs yes) |
| Types of birth (TB) | (Multiple vs singleton) |
| Size of the child at birth (SC) | (Smaller than average, average, larger than average) |
| Dietary diversity score (DDS) | Below minimum requirement/ minimum requirement |
| Maternal/household-level covariates | |
| Mother’s age | 15–24, 25–34 and 35–49 (respondents current age 15–49) |
| Residence (PR) | Rural/urban |
| Mother’s educational level (ME) | No formal education, primary and secondary and above |
| Father’s educational level (FE) | No formal education, primary and secondary and above |
| Women’s autonomy tertiles (WA) | Low, medium, and high |
| Toilet facility (TF) | Improved and unimproved |
| Source of drinking water (SDW) | Improved and unimproved |
| BMI | Body mass index of mothers (< 18.5 kg/m2, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 kg/m2) |
| Number of children under five (NUFC) | Number of children under the age of 5 (0–1, 2, 3 or more) |
| Survey year (SY) | Years of the survey (2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016) |
| Media exposure | Yes/no |
| Working status of the mother (WS) | Not working/working |
| Household size | < 4, 5–9, 10 + (continuous) |
| Wealth quantile (WQ) | Poorest, poor, middle, richer, and richest |
| Geospatial covariates | |
| Precipitation (precp) | The average precipitation measured within the 10 km (rural) or 2 km (urban) |
| Aridity index | The ratio of annual precipitation to annual potential evapotranspiration (10 km × 10 km) |
| Evaporation | Global elevation above earth’s sea level |
| Maximum temperature (MaxT) | The average annual maximum temperature within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
| Minimum temperature (MinT) | The average annual minimum temperature within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
| Potential evaporation (pet) | The average annual pet within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
| Proximity to water (proxtmty) | Straight-line distance to the nearest major water body |
| Urban–rural settlement (UR) | This is the urban–rural population classification of the area within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
| Population density (popD) | Estimates of human population density is the number of persons/km2 |
| Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) | The average vegetation index value within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
| Cluster altitude (Alt) | Cluster altitude |
| Wet days (WetD) | The average number of days receiving rainfall within the 10 km (rural) or 2 km (urban) |