Table 2.

Characteristics of studies included in the Pneumonia REsearch Partnerships to Assess WHO REcommendations (PREPARE) data set

Study	Location	Study design	Age range (months)	Sample size, N	Deaths, n (%)	Inclusion and exclusion criteria	Score(s) applied (n)
Hooli 2016 [6]	Mchinji and Lilongwe Districts, Malawi	Prospective cohort	0-59	16 475	524 (3.2)	Inclusion: children with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined pneumonia* of any severity	Respiratory Index of Severity in Children (RISC) HIV-negative (2435)
Mathew 2015 [17]	Chandigarh, India	Prospective cohort	1-59	2400	157 (6.5)	Inclusion: children with WHO-defined pneumonia* of any severity	RISC HIV-negative (104)
							RISC-Malawi (1,689)
							Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) (128)
Benet 2017 [18]	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	Prospective, case-control study	2-59	888	20 (2.2)	Inclusion for cases: Children with WHO-defined pneumonia with first symptoms lasting <14 days	RISC HIV-negative (445)
	Beijing, China
	Port au Prince, Haiti
	Lucknow, India
	Pune-Vadu, India
	Antananarivo, Madagascar
	Banako, Mali					Radiographic confirmation of pneumonia (WHO criteria)
	Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia					No wheezing
	San Lorenzo, Paraguay					Inclusion for controls: no symptoms suggestive of respiratory illness, outpatients, or hospitalized in surgery	RISC-Malawi (615)
Basnet 2012 [21]	Kathmandu, Nepal	Randomized controlled trial	2-35	641	6 (0.9)	Inclusion: children with a complaint of cough for <14 days, complaint of difficulty breathing for ≤72 h, presence of lower chest wall indrawing, or presence of lower chest indrawing on examination by study physician for severe pneumonia	RISC HIV-negative (587)
							RISC-Malawi (604)
							PERCH (604)
Clara [22]	Chiriqui Province, Panama	Retrospective cohort	0-59	85	2 (2.3)	Inclusion: children with severe acute respiratory infection case definition	RISC HIV-negative (3)
							RISC-Malawi (37)
Gessner 2005 [23]	Lombok, Indonesia	Hamlet-randomized trial	0-23	6221	676 (10.9)	Inclusion: children with WHO-defined pneumonia	RISC-Malawi (5,807)
Klugman 2003 [24]	Johannesburg, South Africa	Randomized controlled trial	0-59	10 114	452 (4.5)	Inclusion: based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes for pneumonia	RISC-Malawi (7,283)
Asghar 2008 [25]	Dhaka, Bangladesh	Randomized controlled trial	2-59	958	46 (4.8)	Inclusion: children with WHO-defined very severe pneumonia†	RISC-Malawi (802)
	Chandigarh, India
	Mexico City, Mexico
	Rawalpindi, Pakistan
	Multan, Pakistan
	Sana’a, Yemen
	Lusaka, Zambia
Wadhwa 2013 [26]	New Delhi, India	Randomized controlled trial	2-24	550	8 (1.5)	Severe pneumonia: fast breathing: ≥50 breaths/min in children 2-11 months &≥40 breaths/min in children 12-24 months	RISC-Malawi (461)
						Crepitations on auscultation
						Presence of chest indrawing
						Very severe pneumonia: severe pneumonia (with or without chest indrawing) and any general danger sign (ie, lethargy or inability to drink or convulsions) or central cyanosis
Cutts 2005. [27]	Upper River and Central River Regions, The Gambia	Randomized controlled trial	1-30	1716	106 (6.2)	Inclusion: history of cough or difficult breathing with an elevated respiratory rate for age (≥50 breaths per min for children <1 year old and ≥40 per min for children ≥1 year old) or lower chest-wall indrawing	RISC-Malawi (346)
Wulandari 2018 [28]	West Java, Indonesia	Retrospective cohort	0-59	1317	69 (5.2)	Inclusion: children with WHO-defined pneumonia	RISC-Malawi (830)

*WHO-defined pneumonia: presence of age-specific fast breathing, lower chest indrawing, or general danger signs in children with a cough or difficulty

†Cough and/or difficulty breathing, and central cyanosis or inability to drink.