Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Year | Design | Participants | Sample (n) | Interventions | Comparator | Outcomes | Funding | Declaration of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined strategies versus usual activities | |||||||||
| Borgey 2019 [32] | 2014–2015 | Cluster RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 1336 | Educational materials, opinion leaders, vaccine | Usual activities | Vaccination uptake | None | None |
| Ho 2012 [33] | 2009–2010 | Cluster RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 810 | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy | Usual activities | Hand hygiene compliance | Centre for Health Protection | None |
| Jeihooni 2018 [34] | 2016 | RCT | Nurses in contact with patients | 120 | Educational materials and meetings | Usual activities | Knowledge on hand hygiene | None | None |
| Lehmann 2016 [35] | 2014 | RCT | Healthcare workers | 122 | Educational materials and meetings, vaccination appointment and reminder | Usual activities | Vaccination uptake | Abbot Health Care Products B.V. | None |
| Martin-Madrazo 2012 [36] | 2009 | Cluster RCT | Healthcare workers | 170 | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy | Usual activities | Hand hygiene compliance | Ministry of Health of Spain | None |
| Mertz 2010 [37] | 2007–2008 | Cluster RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | a | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy, opinion leaders | Usual activities | Hand hygiene compliance | Physicians’ Services Incorporated Foundation of Ontario, Swiss National Service Foundation | None |
| Riphagen-Dalhuisen 2013 [38] | 2008–2010 | RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 50,351 | Educational materials and meetings, vaccine | Usual activities | Vaccination uptake | The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development | None |
| Rothan-Tondeur 2011 [39] | 2005–2006 | RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 2874 | Educational materials and meetings | Usual activities | Vaccination uptake | None | Five out of 8 authors are consultants or received grants from pharmaceutical industry |
| Yeung 2011 [40] | 2007 | Cluster RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 188 | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy | Usual activities | Hand hygiene compliance | Chinese University of Hong Kong and Vickmans Laboratories | None |
| Combined strategies versus usual single strategies | |||||||||
| Doratotaj 2008 [41] | 2004–2005 | RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 800 | Educational materials and meetings, vaccine | Educational materials | Vaccination uptake | The Cleveland Clinic Foundation | None |
| Huis 2013 [42] | 2008–2009 | Cluster RCT | Nurses in contact with patients | 886 | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy, local opinion leaders | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy | Hand hygiene compliance | The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development | None |
| Schmidtke 2020 [43] | 2018–2019 | RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 7540 | Educational materials, reminders, performance monitoring | Reminders | Vaccination uptake | National Institute for Health Research | None |
| Stewardson 2016 [44] | 2009–2014 | Cluster RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | a | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy, enhanced feedback, performance monitoring | WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy | Hand hygiene compliance | Swiss National Science Foundation | None |
| Suppan 2020 [45] | 2020 | RCT | Healthcare workers in contact with patients | 173 | Educational material and game | Educational material | Knowledge on IPC | None | None |
Note: IPC infection prevention and control, RCT randomized controlled trial, WHO World Health Organization
aNumber of healthcare workers not reported (opportunities of hand hygiene were measured)