Fig. 1.

Schematic illustrations of major nanoparticle platforms explored for SARS-CoV-2 detection, treatment, and prevention. These platforms include (A) inorganic nanoparticles such as gold or silica nanoparticles, (B) lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing a lipid bilayer with cholesterol and surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) for stabilization, (C) polymeric nanoparticles made from self-assembled co-polymers, (D) virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) containing protein structures that resemble wild type viruses but do not have a viral genome or infectious ability, and (E) cell membrane-coated nanoparticles containing natural cell membranes wrapping around a solid nanoparticle core.