Table 2.

Summary of nanoparticle-based treatment for COVID-19

Platform	Selective example	Representative feature
Nanoparticles as antiviral drug carrier	•Polymeric nanoparticle[29] •Silica nanoparticle[31] •Lipid nanoparticle[32]	•High drug loading capacity and controlled drug release •Broad selection of targeting ligands •Improved bioavailability of therapeutic payloads
Nanoparticles for direct viral killing	•Silver nanoparticle[34] •ROS-generating nanoparticle[35] •Photothermal nanoparticle[36]	•High antiviral potency •Broad spectrum activity against various viruses •Tunable physicochemical properties
Host-mimicking nanoparticles for viral neutralization	•Lung epithelial cell nanosponge[44] •Macrophage nanosponge[44], [50] •Genetically engineered HEK-ACE2 cell nanosponge[50], [78]	•Broad spectrum viral inhibition agnostic to viral mutations •Neutralization of virus through known or unknown cellular receptors •Neutralization of cytokine storm caused by viral infection