Table 1.

Example domains of social adversity, associated social risks that could be collected by health systems, and potential interventions.

Domains of Social Adversity	Social Risk Example	Assistance or Awareness Intervention Examples	Effective Interventions
Financial Circumstances	Food insecurity, housing instability, or utility challenges.	Health advocate connecting patient/family to community services	RCT in pediatric primary care found that health advocates could reduce social needs and improve child health outcomes.26,27
Intimate Partner Violence	Close family or friends screaming, talking down to, or hitting the caregiver.	Screening and prompt connection to community resources	Intimate partner violence is associated with increased child healthcare utilization and models exist for screening and referring parents who experience intimate partner violence.28,29
Social isolation	Small social networks, single parent households	Use of social networks to facilitate dialogue between transplant families	Social isolation predicts adverse health outcomes across diseases. Healthcare activities that address social isolation may improve child health outcomes.30,31
Caregiver Mental Health	Caregiver stress or depression	Referral to caregiver mental health treatment	Parental stress and depression are associated with worse child health outcomes and are potentially modifiable.11,32
Perceived Discrimination In Healthcare	Subjective perception of discrimination on the basis of one’s race	Healthcare provider anti-racism training	Anti-racism training may reduce anti-racist policies and bias, but more research is needed to determine if it results in improved health outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities.33
Health Literacy	Inability to do simple math calculations	Make medication administration and dosing instructions easier to understand	Health literacy is associated with improved health outcomes and intervening on poor health literacy may provide benefit.11,34,35