Table 6.

Descriptive results for groups and group comparisons of student variables.

	Mostly synchronous			Mostly asynchronous
Measure	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	ANOVA
Satisfaction	1,001	4.02	1.39	816	3.73	1.40	F(1, 1,815)=20.25, p =0.00, η2 =0.01
Additional strains	978	3.92	1.73	795	4.17	1.67	F(1, 1,771)=9.59, p =0.00, η2 =0.01
Additional workload	956	3.76	1.49	788	4.20	1.38	F(1, 1,742)=41.15, p =0.00, η2 =0.02
Procrastination	923	3.41	1.65	802	3.47	1.73	F(1, 1,723)=0.62, p =0.43, η2 =0.00
LCI	974	3.74	1.31	811	3.73	1.27	F(1, 1,783)=0.06, p =0.81, η2 =0.00
SDT
Autonomy support	994	4.27	1.11	809	4.38	1.02	F(1, 1,801)=4.64, p =0.03, η2 =0.00
Competence support	980	3.33	1.31	798	2.90	1.21	F(1, 1,776)=51.28, p =0.00, η2 =0.03
Relatedness	990	4.02	1.28	786	3.72	1.29	F(1, 1,774)=23.88, p =0.00, η2 =0.01
Learning gain
Content skills	977	3.95	1.31	789	3.95	1.26	F(1, 1,764)=0.01, p =0.93, η2 =0.00
Method skills	952	3.61	1.35	777	3.48	1.35	F(1, 1,727)=4.08, p =0.04, η2 =0.00
Vocational skills	922	2.79	1.47	745	2.75	1.43	F(1, 1,665)=0.36, p =0.55, η2 =0.00
Social skills	956	2.35	1.34	774	2.11	1.19	F(1, 1,728)=15.67, p =0.00, η2 =0.01
Digital skills	976	3.99	1.36	783	3.92	1.29	F(1, 1,757)=1.30, p =0.25, η2 =0.00
Interest	954	3.84	1.37	775	3.69	1.31	F(1, 1,727)=5.53, p =0.02, η2 =0.00
Self-directed learning	969	4.41	1.39	787	4.57	1.30	F(1, 1,754)=5.92, p =0.02, η2 =0.00

LCI=Learner-content interaction. All variables were rated from 1 to 6, with 6 indicating higher values.